A TREATISE 
- 



PE 1151 

.CS3 
Copy 1 



PHONOLOGY; 



COMPRISING 



A PERFECT ALPHABET OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, 
A SYSTEM OF VOCAL GYMNASTICS, 

EXERCISES IN ORTHOGRAPHY, READING, AND DECLAMATION, 

AND 

PITMAN'S PHONETIC SHORT-HAND. 
BY ANDREW COMSTOCK, M.D. 

PRINCIPAL OF THE VOCAL AND POLYGLOTT GYMNASIUM, AUTHOR OF 
A SYSTEM OF ELOCUTION, ETC. 

No. I. 



PHILADELPHIA: 

PUBLISHED BY E. H. BUTLER & CO. 

1846. 

T . FAGAN, STEREOTYPER. C. SHERMAN, PRINTER. 



Sir— 

The Author who presents this Work, respectfully requests 
you to examine it with as much expedition as is consistent 
with your convenience. After a careful examination, should 
you think proper to favour him with your views in relation to 
his enterprise, they will be gratefully received by 

ANDREW COMS" OCK, 
No. 100 Mulberry Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 






A TREATISE 



PHONOLOGY; 



C03IPRISINC 



A PERFECT ALPHABET OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, 
A SYSTEM OF VOCAL GYMNASTICS, 

EXERCISES IN 0RTH0GRAPH7 READING, AND DIGLAI.1ATI0N, 

AND 

PITMAN'S PHONETIC SHORT-HAND. 
BY ANDREW COMSTOCK, M.D. 

PRINCIPAL OF THE VOCAL AND POLYGLOTT GYMNASIUM, AUTHOR OP 
A SYSTEM OF ELOCUTION, ETC. 

No. I. 



PHILADELPHIA: 

PUBLISHED BY E. H. BUTLER & CO. 

1846. 









Entered, according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1846, by An- 
drew Comstock, M. D., in the clerk's office of the District Court of 
the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 



J. FAG-AN, STEREOTYPED. 
C SHERMAN, PRATER. 



(2) 



PREFACE. 



It is generally admitted that our orthography is more com- 
plicated than that of any other language. Various attempts 
have been made by different individuals to simplify it. The 
author of this Treatise, however, proposes not only to simplify 
it, but to perfect it by the appropriation of a letter to every 
elementary sound, — the only way in which perfection in this 
branch can be attained in any language. The appropriation 
of a letter to every elementary sound, is not only the only 
means by which perfection in the orthography of any language 
can be reached, but it is the only way in which pronunciation 
can be rendered at once uniform and simple, and easy 
of acquisition. And "until this method shall have been 
adopted, words must be spelled one way and pronounced 
another — indeed, two languages must be learned instead of 
one." — [Comstock's System of Elocution. ~] 

The first obvious important advantage of this method, is 
that it gives stability to the orthography and pronunciation of 
every word in the language. 

The second, is that it enables one who has become tolerably 
well versed in the elementary principles, to spell any word 
that he hears, and to pronounce any word that he sees, with 
readiness and accuracy. 

The third, is that it renders the teaching, and the learning 
of the English language, which, by the old theory, are ex- 
tremely irksome, highly interesting. 



iv PREFACE. 

The fourth, is that as most of the words are spelled with 
fewer letters, it enables a writer to put much more matter 
upon the same page. 

The fifth, is that it enables foreigners to acquire the English 
language with great ease and rapidity. 

The sixth, is the great aid which it renders stammerers, and 
those whose articulation is merely defective, in enabling them 
to pronounce with ease and accuracy. 

The author feels confident that no one who peruses this 
Treatise vnder standingly, will desire to cling any longer to 
the old system of orthography, unless he prefers chaos to 
order, — discord to harmony, — darkness to light. Hence, he 
sends forth his Alphabet to the world, with the most sanguine 
expectation that it will meet the entire approbation of the pub- 
lic, and be speedily adopted. 

Note. — The author would here remark that he has seen three Pho- 
notypic alphabets of the English language : the first of which was pub- 
lished in Boston some 10 or 12 years ago, by the Rev. Abner Kneeland ; 
the second was published in this city, in 1836, by N. Nash; the third 
has recently been published in England, by Isaac Pitman. Neither of 
these alphabets, however, is satisfactory — of the three, that of Mr. Pitman 
is the least objectionable. The author has no allusion here to Mr. Pitman's 
System of Phonography, which, perhaps, is the best that can be devised, 
and the outlines of which may be seen on pages 15, 51, and 52. [A full 
exposition of Mr. Pitman's system will be given in the third number of 
this Treatise.] 

Andrew Comstock, 
No. 100 Mulberry Street, Philadelphia. 

Feb. 26, 1846. 



PHONOLOGY 



Phonology (from p«v^, voice, and Xoyos, word,) 
is the doctrine, or science of the elementary 
sounds of vocal language. 

The necessary connection between these sounds, and the 
signs by which they are expressed, extends the science of 
phonology to the alphabet itself. 

An Alphabet (a\<pa and ^«) is a series of 
characters, called letters, used to represent the 
elementary sounds of a language. 

An alphabet, to be perfect, should have a let- 
ter appropriated to every elementary sound. 

Yet, for brevity, a single letter may represent a combination 
of sounds, as will be shown hereafter. 

The English Alphabet, therefore, is by no 
means perfect; because it does not contain as 
many letters as it has elementary sounds, and 
because the same letters are not only often em- 
ployed to represent different sounds, but different 
letters to represent the same sounds, as is illus- 
trated in the following scheme. 

There are twenty-six letters in the English 
Alphabet, namely : 

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRS 

TUVWXYZ, 

As it is necessary to adopt some system of pronunciation in 
giving the sounds of the letters, that of Walker has been 
adopted. 

1* (5) 



6 PHONOLOGY. 

The sounds which these letters severally repre- 
sent, may be learned from the table which fol- 
lows : 

SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS OF THE ENGLISH ALPHABET. 



A has seven sounds. 

1. a, as in ale. 

2. a, arm. 

3. a, all. 

4. a, an. 

5. a, what. 

6. a, turban. 

7. a, many. 

B has one sound. 
1. b, as in bow. 

C has Jive sounds. 

1. c, as in cap. 

2. c, cent. 

3. c, suffice. 

4. c, ocean. 

5. c, vermicelli. 

D /zas £/wee sounds. 

1. d, as in day. 

2. d, hopped. 

3. d, grandeur 

E has four sounds. 

1. e, as in eve. 

2. e, end. 

3. e, yes. 

4. e, her. 



F Aas ft#o sounds 

1. f, as in/ame. 

2. f, of. 

G Aas ftw sounds. 

1. g, as in #ay. 

2. g, #em. 

H /zas one sound. 
1. h, as in /zut. 

I has Jive sounds. 

1. i, as in He. 

2. i, in. 

3. i, fir. 

4. i, sir. 

5. i ? reservoir. 

J has two sounds. 
!.j,asin/ug. 

2. j, hallelu/ah. 

K has one sound. 
1. k, as in Aite. 

L has one sound. 
1. 1, as in live. 

M has one sound. 
1. m, as in met. 



N has two sounds. 

1. n, as in no. 

2. n, ink. 

O has eight sounds. 
1. o, as in old. 



2. o, 

3. o, 

4.o, 

5. o, 

6. o, 

7. o 7 

8. o, 



lose. 

on. 

nor. 

women. 

son. 

wolf. 

compt 

P has one sound. 
1. p, as in jpit. 

Q has one sound. 
1. q, as in guill. 

R has one sound. 
1. r, as in roll. 

S has three sounds. 

1. s, as in sin. 

2. s, is. 

3. s, treasure. 

T has three sounds. 

1. t, as in tin. 

2. t, nation. 

3. t, nature. 



phonology. 7 

U has six sounds. 

1. u, as in tube. 

2. u, up* 

3. u, trwth. 

4. u, full. 

5. u, bury. 

6. n, b^sy. 

V has one sound. 
1. v, as in z;ile. 

W has one sound. 
1. w, as in wo. 

X has jive sounds. 

1. x, as in exercise. 

2. x, example. 

3. x, anxious. 

4. x, Xenophon. 

5. x, Ai^lachapelle. 

Y has five sounds. 

1. y, as in yoke. 

2. y, fancy. 

3. y, by. 

4. y, hymn. 

5. y, satyr. 

Z Aas ftz;o sounds. 



1. z, as in zone. 

2. z, azure. 



From a hasty glance at the preceding scheme, 
the reader might suppose that there are seventy- 
four elementary sounds in the English lan- 
guage. This, however, is not the case, Many 



8 PHONOLOGY. 

of the sounds which are there represented by 
different letters are identical. There are but 
thirty-eight sounds in all. 

The elementary sounds, as well as the letters 
by which they are represented, are usually di- 
vided into two classes, Vowels and Consonants. 
A more philosophical division, however, is into 
three classes, Vowels, Subvowels, and Aspirates. 

The Vowels are pure vocal sounds ; their num- 
ber is fifteen. 

The Subvowels have a vocality, but inferior to 
that of the vowels; their number is fourteen. 

The Aspirates are mere whispers, and conse- 
quently have not that kind of sound which is 
called vocality. 

Classification of the Elements. 



15 Vowels. 


14 Su 


B VOWELS. 


9 Aspirates. 


a, as in ale. 


b, as 


in bow. 


p, as in 


l jpit. 


a, arm. 


d, 


day. 


t, 


tin, 


a, all. 


g> 


m- 


k, 


&ite. 


&, an. 


v, 


pile. 


f, 


fame. 


e, eve. 


th, 


then. 


th, 


thin. 


e, end. 


l 


zone. 


s, 


sin. 


i, tie. 


2 


azure. 


sh, 


shade 


i, in. 


1, 


fight 


h, 


hut, 


6, old. 


r, 


roll. 


wh, 


what 


6, lose. 


m, 


met, 






'"o, on. 


n, 


no. 






li, 'tube. 


ng, 


song. 






fi, tap. 


w, 


wo. 






i 3 i, Ml 


y> 


yoke. 






o\\, out. 











PHONOLOGY. 9 

In the preceding table each elementary sound is represented 
by a peculiar character. Hence, words spelled with these char- 
acters have no superfluous letters. Exercises of this kind, 
were published in the author's Elocution, in 1830, and they 
have been republished in all subsequent editions. The fol- 
lowing is a specimen taken from the edition of 1830. 

A Table exhibiting the Analysis of Words. 

In the first column the words are presented as 
they are usually spelled; in the second, their 
elements are separated by hyphens. The pupil 
should spell the words, uttering, separately, each 
element, and not the name of the letter, as is 
generally done in the schools. 



. z-e-1. 
.k-e. 
. p-l-a-s. 
. e-r-b-z. 
. b-r-e-TH. 
. f-a-n. 
. 1-e-d-zh. 
. W-v-z. 
. n-a-t. 
. d-i-z-d-a-n. 
. i-m-i-t-a-t. 
. f-e-l-i-npr. 
. e-g-z-a-m-p-1. 

This method of spelling with sounds, which was published 
by the author in 1830, has recently claimed attention in Eu- 
rope, and has been successfully applied in teaching the deaf 
and dumb to speak ;* and upon it Mr. Pitman, of England, 
has founded an excellent system of Phonography, the outlines 
of which are given in another part of this treatise. 



ale . 


.M. 


day . 


.d-L 


fame 


. f-a-m. 


aisle . . 


.i-1. 


deeds 


. d-e-d-z. 


fight 


. f-i-t. 


light 


. 1-i-t. 


skein 


. s-k-a-n. 


these 


. TH-e-z. 


thought 


. th-h-t 


wrath 


. r-&-th. 


wreak 


. r-£-k. 


write 


. r-i-t. 



zeal . 
key . 

place 

herbs 

breathe 

feign 

liege 

loaves 

nought 

disdain 

imitate 

feeling 

example 



* See the Report of the Hon. Horace Mann on Education in Europe. 



10 



PHONOLOGY. 



A PERFECT ALPHABET OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 

In the following scheme, instead of represent- 
ing some of the elementary sounds by single 
letters, some by double letters, and some by let- 
ters with the aid of figures, as is done on page 
8, each sound is represented by a letter of a 
peculiar form. 

Classification of the Elements. 



15 Vowels. 


14 Sdi 


BVOWELS. 


9 Aspirates. 


E e, 


as in ale. 


B b, as in bow. 


PP. 


asin^it. 


A a, 


arm. 


D d, 


day. 


Tt, 


tin. 


o, 


all. 


G g, 


# a y- 


Kk, 


Idte. 


A a, 


an. 


V v, 


wile. 


Ff, 


/ame. 


I X, 


eve. 


A 8, 


then. 


©a, 


*AiiL 


h e, 


end. 


Z z, 


zone. 


Ss, 


sin. 


« en 


■He. 


J J, 


a^ure. 


C c, 


shade. 


i i, 


in. 


L 1, 


fight. 


Hh, 


hut. 


Q co, 


old. 


R r, 


roll. 


Qq, 


wh'dX. 


K8, 


lose. 


M m, 


met. 






o, 


on. 


N n, 


no. 






IJ V, 


tube. 


y\ i), 


song. 






II u, 


wp. 


Ww, 


wo. 






Uu, 


fttll. 


Yy, 


yoke. 






4>cp, 


out. 











Reasons for expressing the 38 elementary Sowids 
of the English Language by the above Charac- 
ters. 

E e. — The sound of A, as in ale, is represented 
by E, because this sound is represented by E in 
other languages in wMch the Roman alphabet 
is employed, and in some instances in our own. 



PHONOLOGY, 11 

A a.— The sound of A, as in arm, is repre- 
sented by A 3 because this sound is represented 
by this letter in other languages in which the 
Roman alphabet is employed, and very fre- 
quently in our own. 

o. — This character is employed by Mr. Pit- 
man to represent the sound of 0. as in old. I 
have found it more convenient, however, to make 
it represent the sound of O as in nor. A as in 
all, &c. 

A a. — This character has been formed parti- 
cularly to represent the sound of A. as in an. 

1 1. — This is a new letter, formed particularly 
to represent the sound of E, as in eve. 

L e. — The sound of E, as in end, is represented 
by epsilon, because the same sound is repre- 
sented by this character in the Greek language. 
As the capital is the same with the English E, 
I have lopped off its upper limb to adapt the 
letter to my purpose, 

1 i. — This letter is appropriated to the sound 
of I, as in He. 

1 1. — This is a new letter, formed particularly 
to represent the sound of I. as in in. 

Qco. — The sound of 0, as in old, is repre- 
sented by omega, because the same sound is re- 
presented by this letter in the Greek language. 

b's. — The sound of 0. as in lose, is repre- 
sented by K, because this character is employed 
by the Greeks to represent the same sound. 

o. — The sound of 0, as in on, is represented 
by 0, because this sound has hitherto been re- 
presented by more frequently than by any 
other letter. 



IS PHONOLOGY. 

II u. — This is a new letter, formed particularly 
to represent the sound of U, as in tube. This 
sound being a compound of I, as in in, and that 
of W, the reader will perceive that the letter II 
has been shaped with reference to that circum- 
stance. 

U u. — The sound of U, as in up, is represented 
by this character — the capital is of the same 
form as the small letter, because the original 
capital is otherwise appropriated. 

U it. — This form of the TJ is appropriated to 
the sound of U as in full, O as in wolf, &c. 

Ocp. — The sound of OU, as in out, is repre- 
sented by phi, the Greek F, because this letter 
is easily made with a pen, and will answer the 
purpose as well as a character of any other form. 

A 5. — The sound of TH, as in then, is repre- 
sented by thelta* because this sound is repre- 
sented by A in the Greek language. 

J j. — The sound of Z, as in azure, is repre- 
sented by J ; first, because it is used to repre- 
sent this sound in the French language ; and 
secondly, because I find this character can 
be easily united with D to form a compound 
letter (JD (J) to represent the combined sounds of 
D and Z in azure, as heard in the words bridge, 
gem, John, &c. 

T/f x). — For this letter, which represents the 
sound of NG as in song, although I have some- 
what modified its form, I am indebted to Mr. 
Pitman. 

*In some of our colleges and schools this letter is pro- 
nounced like D, and is called delta ; the Greeks, however, 
pronounce it like TH in then, and call it thelta. 



P H N L G Y. 13 

C c. — C is employed to represent the sound 
of SH as in shade; first, because it lias hitherto 
represented this sound m some words, as ocean, 
Grecian, &c. ; and. secondly, because I find it 
can be easily united with T to form a compound 
letter (T3 6) to represent the combined sounds of 
T and SH 7 as heard in the words, pitch, chin, 
nature, &c. 

© ft. — The sound of TH, as in thin, is repre- 
sented by theta, because this sound is represented 
by in the Greek language. 

Q q.— The sound of WH, as in ivhat, is repre- 
sented by Q : first, because there is no other use 
which I can make of this letter ; and, secondly, 
because this sound may be represented by Q, as 
well as by a character of any other form. 

All the other consonants retain the same pow- 
ers in the new alphabet which they have in the 
old. 

I have been thus minute in my remarks on the letters of the 
new alphabet, that the reader may perceive that they have not 
been proposed without reflection, and particular attention to 
their adaptation to the sounds which they are made to re pre* 
sent. 

Compound Letters. 

As the letters of the new alphabet represent 
all the elementary sounds of our language, they 
are adequate to ail the purposes of English or- 
thography. But as greater brevity in spelling 
may be attained by representing some combined 
sounds by single letters, I have formed a few 
characters for that purpose. 

The sound of 01 as in oil (oil) is represented 



14 PHONOLOGY. 

by a letter compounded of o and i ; hence, the 
words oil, boil, soil, &c, may be spelled al, bal, 
sal, &c. 

The sound of GZ as in brags (bragz) is repre- 
sented by § ; hence, the words bragz, bsgz, gigz, 
tugz, &c, may be spelled thus — brag", beg-, gig, 
tug, &c. And as X has not been appropriated, 
it is employed in the new alphabet to represent 
the sound of KS, the cognate of GZ ; hence, 
such words as bnks, dsks, loks, &c, may be 
spelled thus — bnx, dex, lox, &c. 

As J is employed in the new alphabet to repre- 
sent the sound of Z as in azure, the combined 
sounds of D and of Z in azure, as heard in the 
words, bridge, judge, John, George, &c, are re- 
presented by a letter compounded of D and J, 
thus, D c] ; hence, the words bndj, djudj, Djon, 
Djordj, &c, may be spelled thus — brie], cjuc), 
Don, Dorcj, &c. 

And as C is employed in the new alphabet to 
represent the sound of SH as in shade, the com- 
bined sounds of T and SH (the cognate of D) as 
heard in the words pitch, chin, nature, church, 
&c, are represented by a letter compounded of 
T and C, thus, V6. Hence the words pitc, tcm, 
netcur, tcurtc, &c, may be spelled thus — pi<5, 
6m, ne6ur, 6ur6, &c. 

These compound letters are designed for the student who 
is somewhat advanced — -they should not be used in primary 
lessons in orthography. 

In the following table Mr. Pitman's phonographic charac- 
ters are placed in juxta-position with the letters of the new T 
alphabet. Mr. E's. system complete will be given in a future 
number of this treatise. 



PHONOLOGY. 



15 



A Table comprising the 38 simple, and 5 com- 
pound Letters of the New Alphabet, and the corre- 
sponding Phonographic Characters of Pitman. 



16 Vowels. 


16 SuBVOWELS. 


11 


Aspirates. 


i • 


I 1 


eve. 


\ 


Bb 


Sow. 


\ 


P p pit. 




I I 


in. 


I 


Dd 


day. 


1 


T t tin. 


■ • 


Ee 


ale. 


/ 


D<3 


yob. 


/ 


V6 chin. 


j- 


h e 


end. 


OM 


Gg 


^ a 7- 




Kk fate. 


1 c 


A a 


arm. 


_D 


£§: 


tU^S. 


_D 


X x oafo, 




Aa 


an. 


V 


Vv 


tile. 


V. 


F f fame. 


M 


o 


all. 


( 


A8 


then. 


( 


& thin. 


|~* 


Oo 


on. 


) 


Z z 


zone. 


) 


S s sin. 


[l 


Q 03 


old. 


J 


J i 


azure. 


J 


C c s/aade 


j- 


Uu 


tip. 


r 


L 1 


fight. 


• 


H h hut 




Ks 


lose. 


~\ 


Rr 


roll. 


• c 


Q q what. 


J — 


Uu 


Ml. 


,-> 


Mm 


mind. 




J V 


I i 


tie. 


,_, 


Nn 


no. 




lft 


Uu 


tube. 


^* 


yx) 


song. 




j A 


Q a 


oil. 


c 


Ww 


wo. 




|a 


cp 


out 





Yy 


yoke. 







Mr. Pitman does not express the sounds of W 
and Y by a distinct character, as he does those 
of the other consonants, but by a character 
which represents them in combination with the 
v r owel which follows them, thus : 



I C 1 cj c 1 I ! 3| * 

Wx, wi; we, ws; wa, wa; wo, wo; wco, wu 

> J "I. I' 

W8, wu; wi; wcp. 

1 1 g ! -I J 1 1 w l H J 

Yx, yi ; ye, yg ; ya, ya ; yo, yo ; yco, yu ; yi 



16 PHONOLOGY, 

The Vowels. 

The vowels are divided into Monothongs, 
Diphthongs, and Triphthongs. 

The Monothongs consist of one kind of sound, 
and consequently are simple elements. They 
are as follows : 

A, 0, A, I, h 7 I, O, II, U. 

The Diphthongs consist of two kinds of sound, 
which coalesce so intimately that they appear 
like one uniform sound. They are as follows : 

E, I, K, IT. 

The diphthong E, as well as I, has a charac- 
teristic sound for its radical, and the monothong, 
I, for its vanish. These diphthongs, under cer- 
tain circumstances, (for instance, when they are 
carried through a wide range of pitch, as in 
interrogation with surprise), are converted into 
triphthongs, the third constituent being the mo- 
nothong, X. 

The diphthong, "8", has a characteristic sound 
for its radical, and the subvowel, W, for its 
vanish. * 

The diphthong, U, has the monothong, I, for 
its radical, and the subvowel, W, for its vanish. 

The Triphthongs consist of three kinds of 
sound, which coalesce so intimately that they 
appear like one uniform sound. They are as 
follows : 

a, <i>. 

The first constituent of Q, as well as that of 
<I>, is a sound characteristic of this element ; and 



PHONOLOGY. 



17 



the diphthong, "8", constitutes the second and 
third constituent of these triphthongs. 

The following scheme is an analysis of the 
diphthongs and triphthongs. The reader will 
observe that (with one exception) the letters 
which are employed to represent the diphthongs 
and triphthongs are used, under the head, Con- 
stituents, to represent their radicals only. 



iphthongs. 


Constituents. 


Triphthongs. 


Constituents. 


E 


E — I 


E* 


E— I— X 


I 


I —I 


I* 


I— I I 


H 


K — w 


Q 


Q_K W 


IJ 


I — W 





<D — H W 



The diphthongal and triphthongal letters are 
generally monothongs when they are followed 
by a consonant. Thus, a in taper is a mono- 
thong ; but when this letter is pronounced singly, 
and w r hen final, it is a diphthong or a triphthong. 

During the utterance of a moyiothong, the 
aperture of the mouth remains stationary ; but 
during that of a diphthong, or triphthong, the 
aperture is gradually diminished till the com- 
mencement of the last constituent ; it then re- 
mains stationary till the sound is ended. This 
is illustrated by the following diagrams : 



Diagram 1. 




Diag. 2. 



«" W 



Diag. 3. 



n «" w 



* I have said that E and I are sometimes diphthongs, and 
sometimes triphthongs ; hence, above, they appear under both 
heads. 

2* 



18 PHONOLOGY, 

The opening of the tube (Diag. 1.) represents 
the aperture of the mouth in the utterance of 
the monothong Q, and the length of the tube 
represents the duration of the sound. 

The large end of Diag. 2 represents the aper- 
ture of the mouth in commencing the utterance 
of the diphthong K — the portion of the figure 
between K and W, shows the gradual diminution 
of the aperture of the mouth during the utter- 
ance of the first constituent, and the remaining 
portion shows the stationary position of the aper- 
ture of the mouth during the utterance of the 
second constituent. 

The large end of Diag. 3, represents the aper- 
ture of the mouth in commencing the utterance 
of the triphthong Q — the portion of the figure 
between Q and "8", shows the gradual diminution 
of the aperture of the mouth during the utter- 
ance of the first constituent — the portion between 
K and W, shows the gradual diminution of the 
aperture of the mouth during the utterance of 
the second constituent ; and the remaining por- 
tion of the figure, the stationary position of the 
aperture of the mouth during the utterance of 
the third constituent. 

The Subvowels. 

B consists of a vocal sound and an aspirate. 
The first constituent is formed with the lips 
closed ; the second, by aspirating the vowel II, 
at the moment of their separation.* 

*Care should be taken not to make the second constituent 
vocal. 



PHONOLOGY. 19 

D consists of a vocal sound and an aspirate. 
The first constituent is formed with the tip of 
the tongue pressed against the gums of the up- 
per incisory teeth ; the second, by aspirating the 
vowel U at the moment of its removal.* 

When D is doubled, as in addition, the second constituent 
of the first D is omitted. When D is whispered, the second 
constituent only is heard. When words in which D is doubled 
are whispered, the first D is mute. 

G consists of a vocal sound and an aspirate. 
The first constituent is formed with the root of 
the tongue pressed against the curtain, or vail 
of the palate ;f the second, by aspirating the 
vowel U at the moment of its removal.* 

When G is doubled, as in haggard, the second constituent 
of the first G is omitted. When G is whispered, the second 
constituent only is heard. When words in which G is doubled 
are wmispered, the first G is mute. 

V is a compound of vocality and aspiration. 
It is formed with the under lip pressed against 
the edge of the upper incisory teeth. 

A, as in then (Sen), is a compound of vocality 
and aspiration, formed with the tip of the tongue 
resting gently against the inner surface of the 
upper incisory teeth. 

Z, as in zone, is a buzzing sound, a compound 
of vocality and aspiration. It is formed by press- 
ing the tip of the tongue gently against the gums 
of the upper incisors, and forcing out the breath. 

J, as in azure (ejur), is a compound of vocality 
and aspiration. It is formed with the tip of the 

* Care should be taken not to make the second constituent 
vocal. 

t In the language of anatomy, velum pendulum palati. 



20 PHONOLOGY. 

tongue nearly in the same position as is z in 
zone, though drawn a little further back, and 
somewhat widened, so as to enlarge the aperture 
formed by its upper surface and the roof of the 
mouth, through w r hich the breath is forced. 

L is a vocal sound, made w r ith the tip of the 
tongue pressed against the gums of the upper 
incisory teeth. 

R is a vocal sound, of which there are two va- 
rieties. The first is called the trilled R, and is 
made by causing the tongue to vibrate against 
the gums of the upper incisory teeth, while the 
breath is propelled through the mouth; the se- 
cond is called the smooth R, and is made with 
the tip of the tongue elevated towards the centre 
of the roof of the mouth. R should be trilled 
when it precedes a vowel, as in roll, crush, &c. ; 
but when it follows a vowel, as in air, orb, &c, 
it should be made smooth. 

I have met with a number of individuals who could not trill 
the R, and others who did it with difficulty. Those who can- 
not trill it in a graceful manner, had better not attempt it in 
public ; let such, however, not despair — their vocal organs 
may be rendered flexible by frequent and energetic exercise. 

M is a nasal sound, made with the lips closed. 

N is a nasal sound, formed with the tip of the 
tongue pressed against the gums of the upper 
incisory teeth. 

yj, as in song (sorj), is a nasal sound, formed 
with the root of the tongue pressed gently against 
the curtain of the palate. 

W is a vocal sound, formed with the lips con- 
tracted as in the act of whistling. 



P II N OLOGY. 21 

Y is a vocal sound, formed with the lips and 
teeth a little separated. 

The Aspirates, 

P is formed by closing the lips, and then aspi- 
rating the vowel LI. 

When this element is doubled, as in happy, the first P is 
mute. 

T is formed by pressing the tip of the tongue 
against the gums of the upper incisory teeth, 
and then aspirating the vowel 11* 

When T is doubled, as in attempt? the first T is mute. 

K, like G in give, is formed by pressing the 
root of the tongue against the curtain of the pa- 
late, and then aspirating the vowel U. 

When this element is doubled, as in fickle (pronounced, 
ffkkl) the first k is mute. 

F, like V, is formed with the under lip pressed 
against the upper incisory teeth. 

0, as in thin (9m), like A in then (Sen), is formed 
with the tip of the tongue pressed against the 
upper incisory teeth. It is nearly the same 
sound as the subvowel A aspirated. 

*Although of no practical importance, it may not be unin- 
teresting to the philosophic reader to know that the second 
constituent of the subvowels B, D, G, and of the aspirates, K, 
P, T, is formed by aspirating the vowel II only when these 
elements are uttered singly, when they are final, and when 
they are followed by a consonant. When they are followed 
by a vow-el, their second constituent is formed by aspirating 
that vowel. This may be rendered obvious by pronouncing 
forcibly, and deliberately, the words, Bay, Day, Gay, and 
Pay, Tay, Kay, or any other words, in which B, D, G, and 
P, T, K are followed by vowels. 



22 PHONOLOGY. 

S is a hissing sound, and, like z in zone, is 
formed with the tip of the tongue pressed gently 
against the gums of the upper incisory teeth. 
It is nearly the same as z in zone aspirated. 

C, as in ocean (cocun), shade (ced), &c, is 
formed with the tongue in the same position as 
is z in azure. C is nearly the same sound as J 
in azure aspirated. 

H is the inceptive part of a vowel sound, aspi- 
rated in a particular way. H may be uttered 
in as many varieties of w^ays as there are vowels 
in the language ; each requiring the same pos- 
ture of the mouth, which the vowel itself re- 
quires. 

Q, as in what (qot), is the inceptive part of the 
vow^el U aspirated in a particular way. The 
sound which is produced, in the formation of 
this element, is nearly the same as HU, whis- 
pered. Q requires the same posture of the 
mouth that the vowel II requires.* 

The Postures of the Mouth. 

An accurate knowledge of the positions which 
the organs of articulation should assume in the 
formation of the several elements of vocal lan- 
guage, is very important to those w r ho would 
speak with ease and elegance. To aid the reader 

* Some writers consider the sound of W the same as that 
of 00 in OOZE, and the sound of WH the same as that of 
HOO. But HOO is compounded of an aspirate and a vowel; 
whereas WH is simply an aspirate, and consequently has 
none of that kind of sound which is called vocality. That 
HOO and WH are not identical, may be proved by pronounc- 
ing, alternately, the monosyllable hoom and the imaginary 
monosyllable whoom, and observing the contrast between them. 



PHONOLOGY. 23 

still further in the acquisition of this knowledge, 
he is furnished with the various postures of the 
mouth, required in uttering the elements ener- 
getically, and singly. 

The elements are grouped according to the 
posture in which the mouth should be when 
they are formed. It will be seen that the Diph- 
thongs and Triphthongs have each two postures 
of the mouth — one at the commencement, the 
other at the termination of the sound. 

These postures are, of course, more or less 
modified, when the elements are uttered in their 
various combinations, and with different degrees 
of force. 

The pupil should exercise his organs of speech, 
in the most forcible manner, three times a week, 
and, if possible, even every day, on all the ele- 
ments. The vowels should be exploded from 
the throat, both interrogatively and affirmatively, 
in every range of pitch within the compass of 
the voice, and with every possible degree of force. 

The vowels are exploded in the following man- 
ner : make a full inspiration, close the glottis, and 
contract the muscles of expiration so as to con- 
dense the air in the lungs, then utter the element 
with a sudden and forcible emission of the breath. 
The sounds thus produced may be denominated 
vocal thunder ; the effect upon an audience is 
electrical. 

This exercise strengthens the vocal organs, 
and enables the speaker to be heard at a great 
distance, with very little effort, or expenditure 
of breath. It is also beneficial to health. 



PHONOLOGY. 




PHONOLOGY. 



25 








P< 

M 



E 
I 



Q 



H 



U 





26 



PHONOLOGY. 



A Specimen Exhibition of the Absurdities of the 
Old System of Orthography. 

It is shown, on page 6, that most of the letters 
of the old alphabet represent different sounds, 
and that the same sound is often represented by 
different letters. By the following scheme, it is 
shown that the same sound is not only repre- 
sented by different letters, but by various com- 
binations of letters ! and that most of these com- 
binations of letters represent different sounds ! ! 
And, if the reader is not yet prepared to exchange 
the old system of orthography for one founded 
upon truly philosophical principles, perhaps he 
will be more inclined to ratify this exchange 
when he shall have thoroughly examined the 
following orthographical absurdities, which are 
placed in juxtaposition with the new theory of 
spelling the same words. 

Ee. 



The sound of A, as in ale, 
different ways : 


is represented in 21 


1. By a, as in ale, - - - 

2. . e . . there, - 


- el. 

- Ser. 


3. . aa . . 


.4aron. <• - 


- Erun. 


4. . ae . . 


Gaelic, - -■ 


- Gelik. 


5. . ai , . 


aim,- - - 


- em. 


6. , ao . . 

7. . aii . . 

8. . ay • . 

9. . ea . . 
10. . e'e . . 


gaol, - - 
gauge, - - 
day, - - - 
great, - - 
e'er, - - - 


- 3el. 

- g<4 

- de. 

- gret. 

- er. 


11. . ei . . 


veil, - - - 


- vel. 







PHONOLOGY 


27 


12. By ey, as in they, - - - 


Se. 


13. . ez . 


. rendezvous, - 


rondevs. 


14. 


. aig. 


. campa^n, - - 


kampen. 


15. 


. aye. 


. aye, - - - - 


e. 


16. 


. eig . 


. re^n, - - - 


ren. 


17. 


. eye. 


. preyed, - - - 


pred. 


18. 


. hei . 


. heir, - - - - 


er. 


19. 


. aigh 


. straight, - - 


stret 


20. 


. eigh 


. weigh, - - - 


we. 


21. 


. eighe 


. neighed, - - 


ned. 




A a. 




The sound of A, as in arm, 


is represented in 


9 different ways : 




1. By a, as in arm, 


arm. 


2. . e . 


. sergeant, - - 


sarcjant. 


3. . 


aa . 


baa, - - - - 


ba. 


4. . 


a'a . 


, ma'am,- - - 


mam. 


5. . 


ah . 


ah, - - - - 


a. 


6. . 


al . 


caff,- - - - 


kaf. 


7. . 


au . 


aunt, - - - 


ant. 


8. . 


ea . 


heart, - - - 


hart. 


9. . 


ua . 


gward, - - - 


gard. 




Oo. 




The sound 


of A, as in all, is represented in 12 


different way 


s : 




1. By a, as i 


n all, - - - - 


ol. 


2. . i . 


. reservoir, - - 


rszurvwor, 


3. . 


o . 


nor, - - - - 


nor. 


4. . 


al . 


talk, - - - 


tok. 


5. . 


ao . 


extraordinary, 


extrordxnarx. 


6. . 


au . 


. laud, - - - 


lod. 


7. . 


aw . 


law, - - - - 


lo. 



28 


PHONOLOGY. 


8. By eo, as in 

9. . oa . . 


George, - - JDorcj 
broad, - - - brod. 


10. . awe . 

11. . augh . 

12. . ough . 


awe, - - - - o. 
taught, - - - tot. 
ought, - - - ot. 



A a. 

The sound of A, as in an, is represented in 8 
different ways : 

1. By a, as in an, 

2. . aa 

3. . ai 

4. . ag 

5. . ea 

6. . ua 

7. . ach 

8. . ack 

Ix. 

The sound of E, as in eve, is represented in 19 
different ways : 

1. By e, as in eve 



an, - - - 


- an. 


Isaac, - - 


- Izak, 


plaid, - - 


- plad. 


seraglio, 


- sxralyco. 


sergeant, - 


- sarcjant 


piqz^ant, 


- pxkant. 


drachm, 


- dram. 


blackguard, 


- blagard. 



2. 
3. 

4, 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 



l 

y 

ae 

33 

a y 

ee 
ea 
ei 
eo 

e y 

es 
ie 



eve, - - ■ 


■ - XV. 


marine, 


■ - marxn. 


fancy, - - 


■ - fansx. 


aerie, - - 


■ - xrx. 


cegis, - - 


• - xcjxs. 


Sunday, - 
bee, - - - 


■ - Sundx. 

■ - bx. 


pea, - - - 
toil, - - - 


- px. 
• - txl. 


Deople, - - 
key,- - - 


■ - pxpl. 

■ - kx. 


demesne, - 


• - dxmxn. 


field, - ■ 


- - fxld. 



PHONOLOGY. 




14. By ia, as in caviare, 

15. . is . . viscount, - 

16. . oe . . Oeta, - - 

17. . uy . . plagwy,- - ■ 

18. . eip. . receipt,- - 

19. . uay . quay, - - 


- kavxr. 

- vxkcpnt 

■ Ita, 

■ plegx. 

- rxsxt. 

- kx. 



29 



he. 

The sound of E, as in end, is represented in 
21 different ways : 



1. 

2. 


By a, a 
. e 


is in many, - - 
. end, - - - 


- msnx, 

- snd. 


3. 


. i 


. fir, - - - 


- fsr. 


4. 
5. 
6. 


. u 

• y 

. ae 


. bury, - - 

. myrrh, 

. Paestum, - 


- bsrx. 

- msr. 

- Psstum, 


7. 


. ai 


. said, - - 


- ssd. 


8. 
9. 


. ay 
. ea 


. says, - - 

. head, - - 


- ssz. 

- h8d. 


10. 


. ei 


. heifer, - - 


- hsfur. 


11. 
12. 


. eo 
. eb 


. leopard, 
. de&t, - - 


- lepurd. 

- det. 


13. 


. ed 


. Wednesday, 


- Wsnzdx 


14. 
15. 


• e g 

. et 


. phlegm, 
. billet-doux, 


- fl8m. 

- bils-ds. 


16. 


. ie 


. friend, - - 


- frsnd. 


17. 


. ha 


. . TAames, - 


- Tsmz. 


18. 


. he 


. . herh, - - 


- erb. 


19. 


. oe 


. . fetid, - - 


- feted. 


20. 


. ue 


. . guess, - - 


- g£S. 


21. 


. eve 


. se^ennight, 


- ssnxt. 



8* 



30 



PHONOLOGY. 



Ii. 

The sound of I, as in He, is represented in 16 
different ways : 



1. B^y 


r i, as in He, - 


- il. 


2. 
3. 




y 

ei 


. . by, - - - 

. . eider, - - 


- bi. 

- idur. 


4. 
5. 




hy 
ic 


. rhyme, - - 
. . indict, - - 


- rim. 

- mdit. 


6. 




ie 


. . pie, - - - 


- pi. 


7. 

8. 




ig 

is 


. . sign, - - 
. . isle, - - - 


- sin. 

- il. 


9. 




ui 


. guide, - - 


- gid. 


10. 




^y 


. buy,- - - 


- bi. 


11. 

12. 




ye 

ais 


. . rye, - - - 
. aisle, - - 


- ri. 

- il. 


13. 
14. 
15. 
16. 




eye 
igh 
eigl 
igh< 


. eye, - - - 

. high, - - 

i . height, - - 

3 . sighed, - - 

1 1. 

of I, as in in, is i 


- i. 

- hi. 

- hit. 

- sid. 


The 


sound 


representee 


differer 


it 


way 


s : 




LI 


*J 


' a, a 


is in image, - - 


- imicj. 


2. 




e 


. women,- - 


- wimm. 


3. 




i 


. in, - - - 


- in. 


4. 




o . 


. women,- - 


- wimm. 


5. 
6. . 

7. 

8. 


• 


u 

y ■ 

ai . 
ee 


. busy, - - 
. hymn, - - 
. mountain, - 
. been, - - 


- bizx. 

- him. 

- mepntm 

- bin. 


9. 




ei 


. surfeit, - - 


- surfit. 


10. 




eo 


. pigeon, - - 


- pxcjxii 







PHONOLOGY 




11. By ia, as in carnage, - 


- kancj. 


12. 


ic . 


. victuals, 


- vitlz. 


13. 


ie . 


. bernes, - - 


- bmz. 


14, 


. ui . 


. build, - - 


- bild. 


15. 


eig. 


. foreign, - - 
Q co. 


- form. 


The sound of 0, as in old, is representee 


different ways : 






1. By o, as in old, - - - 


- old. 


2. 


eo . 


. yeoman, 


- yeoman 


3. 


ew . 


. §e?v, - - - 


- SCO. 


4. 


ho . 


. ghost, - - 


- gcost. 


5. 


oa . 


. oar, - - - 


- cor. 


6. 


oe . 


. foe, - - - 


- fco. 


7. 


o'e. 


. o'er, - - - 


- cor. 


8. 


og . 


. Cologne, - 


- Kcolcon. 


9. 


oh . 


. oh, - - - 


- CO. 


10. 


ol . 


. folks, - - 


- fcox. 


11. 


00 . 


. door, - - 


- dcor. 


12. 


ot . 


. depo£, - - 


- dxpeo. 


13. 


ou . 


. four,- - - 


- for. 


14. 


ow . 


. f\.ow, - - 


- flo. 


15. 


aut. 


. hautboy, - 


- hcoba. 


16. 


eau 


. beau, - - 


- bco. 


17. 


owe 


. owe, - - - 


- CO. 


18. 


eaux 


. JSovixdeaux, 


- Bsrdco. 


19. 


ough 


. though, - - 


- Sco. 


The 


sound of 0, as in lose, 


Is represen 


17 diffe 


Tent ways : 




l.Bi 


t o, as in lose, - 


- lsz. 


2. / 


u . 


trath, - - 


- trsO. 



31 



32 


PHONOLOGY. 




3. By eu,asin rheum, - 


- rem. 


4. . ew. 


brew, - - 


- bre. 


5. . oe . 


shoe, - - 


- C8. 


6. . oo . 


. too, - - - 


- t8. 


7. . ou . 


. sowp, - - 


- S8p. 


8. . ue . 


. true,- - - 


- tre. 


9. . ui . 


. fruit, - - 


- fret. 


10. . wo . 


. two, - - - 


- ts. 


11. . ewe 


. brewed, - - 


- bred. 


12. . oeu. 


. rnan^vre,- 


- mansvur. 


13. . ooe. 


. wooed, - - 


- wsd. 


14. . ous 


. sous,- - - 


- SB. 


15. . oux 


. billet-dow:z, 


- bik-ds. 


16. . ugh 


. ipugh, - - 


- P»- 


17. . ough 


. through, - 
Oo. 


- Ore. 


The sound of 0, as in on, is 


represented in 7 


different ways : 






1. By a, as in what, 


- qot. 


2. . e . 


. rendezvous, 


- rondevs. 


3. . o . 


.on, - - - 


- on. 


4. . ho . 


. honest, - - 


- onsst. 


5. . ou . 


. co^gh, - - 


- kof. 


6. . ow . 


. knowledge, 


- nolecj. 


7. . ach 


. yacht, - - 


- yot. 


The sound of U, as in tube, 


is represented in 


12 different ways ; 




1. By u, as in tube, 


- tub. 


2. . eo . 


. feod,- - - 


- fod. 


3. . eu . 


. feud, - - 


- fiud. 


4c . ew 


. few, - - - 


- fij. 









PHONOLOGY 




5. B } 


7 ue, as in due, - 


- 


- du. 


6. 




ui . 


. juice, - 


- 


- (Jus, 


7. 

8. 




eau 
ewe 


. beauty, - 
. renewed., 


- 


- butx. 

- rxnud. 


9. 




ieu. 


. lieu, - - 


- 


- lu. 


10. 




iew 


. view, 


- 


- m 


11. 
12. 




uis. 
ugh 


. -puisne, - 
. Hugh, - 

Uu. 


- 


- punx. 

- Hu. 


The 
differer 


sound of U, as in ap, 
it ways : 


is represented 


1.1 


3y a, as in turban, - 


- 


- turbun. 


2. 




e . 


. her, - - 


- 


- hur. 


3. 




i . 


. sir, - - 


- 


- sur. 


4. 




o . 


. son, - - 


- 


- sun. 


5. 

6, 

7. 




u . 

y • 

ai . 


. up, - - 
. satyr, - 
. Britain, 


- 


- setur. 

- Bntun. 


8. 




ea . 


. ocean, - 


- 


- cocun. 


9. 




eo . 


. surgeon, 


- 


- surcjun. 


10. 
11. 




eu . 
hu. 


. grander, 
. humble, 


- 


- grancjur. 

- umbl. 


12. 
13. 




ia . 
ie . 


. patrician, 
. brazier, - 


- 


- patncun 

- brejur. 


14. 


. 


io . 


. fashion, 


- 


- facun. 


15. 




oa . 


. cupboard, 


- 


- kuburd, 


16. 


„ 


oe . 


. does,- - 


- 


- duz. 


17. 




00' . 


. blood, - 


- 


- blud. 


18. 




ou . 


. tough, - 


- 


- tuf. 


19. 


. 


ow . 


. bellows, 


- 


- belus. 


20. 
21. 


• 


ue . 
ub. 


. conquer, 
. subtle, - 


- 


- korjkur. 

- sutl. 


22. 




no . 


. liqz^or, - 


- 


- hkur. 



33 



kuburd. 

farxnecus. 

grecus. 

kurnsl. 

cuvl. 



34 PHONOLOGY. 

23. By up, as in cz^board, - 

24. . eou . farinac^oz/s, 

25. . ion. . graces, - 

26. . olo . . cofonel, - - 

27. . ove . shovel, - - 

Uu. 

The sound of U, as in full, is represented in 4 
different ways : 

1. By o, as in wolf, - - - wuif. 

2. . u . . Ml, - - - - ful. 

3. . oo . . wood. - - - wud. 

4. . oui . . could, - - - kud. 

Ocp. 

The sound of OU, as in our, is represented 
in 8 different ways : 



1. By o, as in compt, - - 


- kcpnt. 


2. 


ou . . 


our, - - - 


- qpr. 


3. , 


ow . . 


now r - - 


- nqp. 


4. 


hou . 


hour, - - 


- cpr. 


5. 


. oub 


doubt, - - 


- dcpt. 


6. 


owe . 


howed, - - 


- bcpd. 


7. . 


ough . 


bough, - - 


- bcp. 


8. . 


oughe . 


ploughed, - 


- plcpd. 



Bb. 

The sound of B, as in bow, is represented in 4 
different ways : 

1. By b, as in Sow,- - - - bcp. 

2. . bb . . &bb, - - - - ab. 

3. . be . . robe,- - - - rcob. 

4. . pb . . raspberry, - - rasbsrx. 



PHONOLOGY. 35 

Dd. 

The sound of T), as in day, is represented in 5 
different ways : 

1. By d, as in Jay, - - - - de. 

2. . dd . . add, - - - - ad. 

3. . de . . rode, - - - rcod. 

4. . bd . . Bdellium, - - dslyum. 

5. . ed . raged, - - - recjd. 

The sound of G, as in gay, is represented in 3 
different ways : 

1. By g, as in gay, - - - - ge. 
2 - ■ gg • ■ la^ed, - - - lagd. 
3. . gue . vogue, - - - vcog. 

Vv. 

The sound of V, as in vile, is represented in 5 
different ways : 

1. By f, as in of, - - - - ov. 

2. . v . . #ile, - - - - vil. 

3. . ph . . nephew, - - nsvu. 

4. ve . . have, - - - hav. 

5. . Ive . . calves, - - - kavz. 

AS. 

The sound of TH, as in then, is represented 
in 2 different ways : 

1. By th,asin ^en, - - - 8sn. 

2. . the . . bathe, - - - - beS, 



36 



PHONOLOGY. 



Zz. 



The sound of Z, as in zone, is represented in 
10 different ways : 

1. By c, as in suffice, - - 



2. . 

3. . 


s . 

X . 


. his, - 
. Xerxes, 


4. . 


z . 


. zone, 


5. . 

6. . 


cz . 

sc . 


. cz&r, 
. discern, 


7. . 


se . 


. raise, 


8. . 

9. . 
10. 


ss . 
ze . 
zz . 


. scissors, 
. ha^e, 
. bu^, 



sufiz. 

hiz. 

Zurxsz. 

zcon. 

zar. 

dizurn. 

rez. 

sizurz. 

hez. 

buz. 



jj- 



The sound of Z, as in azure, is represented 
in 5 different ways : 

1. By s, as in treasure, - 

2. . t . . transition, - 

3. . z . . a^ure, - - 

4. . ge . . bridge, - - 

5. . ss . . scission, 



trqur. 
transijun. 
ejur. * 
bncj. 
sijun. 



LI. 



The sound of L, as in light, is represented in 
10 different ways : 

1. By 1, as in light, - - - lit. 

shove/, - - - cuvL 

evil, - - - - xvl. 

file, - - ; - - fil, 

ba//, - - - - bol. 

kiln,- - - - kil. 



2. ' 


el . 


3. 


il . 


4. 


le . 


5. 


11 . 


6. 


. In . 



PHONOLOGY. 



37 



7. By lie, as in bagate/fe, - 

8. . tie . . thi&tle, - - 

9. . ual. . victuals, - 
10. . llesl . belleslettres, 

Rr. 



bagatsl. 
Sisl. 

Vltlz. 

bdetur. 



The sound of R, as in roll, is represented in 7 
different ways : 



1. By r, as in roll, - - 


rcol. 


2. . re . 


. more, - - - 


mcor. 


3. . rt . 


. mortgage, - - 


morgecj. 


4. . rr . 


. burr, - - - 


bur. 


5. . wr . 


. write, - - - 


rit. 


6. . rps. 


. corps, - - - 


kcor. 


7. . rrh . 


. myrrh, - - - 
M m. 


mer. 


The sound of M, as in mind, 


is represented 


in 7 different ^ 


-ays: 




1. By m, as 


in wind, - - - 


mind. 


2. . mb . 


. tem b, - - - 


lam. 


3. . me . 


. came, - - - 


kem. 


4. . mn . 


. hjmn, - - - 


him. 


5. . mp . 


. presumption, - 


prxzumcun. 


6. . tm . 


. TWzolus, - - 


Molus. 


7. . mine 


. slammed, - - 


slamd. 



Nn. 

The sound of N, as in no, is represented in 
11 different ways : 



1. By n, as in no, - - ■ 


- - nco. 


2. . en . . C/zeus, - ■ 


- - Nxus. 


3. . in . . cousin, - ■ 


- - kuzn. 


4 





38 







PHONOLOGY. 




4. 


By gn, asin <7??aw, 


- no. 


5. 


. kn . 


know, - - 


- nco. 


6. 


. mn. 


Mneus, - - 


- Nxus. 


7. 


. mp. 


compt, - - 


- kqpnt. 


8. 


. nn . , 


Ann, - - 


- An. 


9. 


. on . 


pardon, - - 


- pardn. 


10. 


. pn. 


jpweumatics, 


- numatiks 


11. 


. ne . 


. one, - - - 


- wun. 



The sound of NG, as in song, is represented 
in 3 different ways : 

1. By n, as in ink, - - - - rgk. 

2. . ng . . song, - - - soi). 

3. . ngue . tongue, - - - tui). 

Ww. 

The sound of W, as in wo, is represented in 4 
different ways : 



1. By w, as in wo, - - - 

2. . u . . quill, - - 

3. . o . . reservoir, - 

4. . — . . one, - - - 

Yy. 



- WG). 

- kwil. 

- rszurvwor. 

- wun. 



The sound of Y, as in yoke, is represented in 
4 different ways : 

1. By y, as in yoke. - - - ycok. 

2. . i, . . umon, - - - yunyun. 

3. . j, . . hallelu/ah, - - halxluya. 

4. . — . . use, - - - - yus. 



PHONOLOGY, 39 

Pp. 

The sound of P, as in pit, is represented in 4 
different ways : 

1. By p, as in pi%, - - - - pit. 

2. . gh . . hiccough, - - hikup. 

3. . pe . . hope, - - - hcop. 

4. . pp . . hopped,- - - hopt. 

Tt. 

The sound of T, as in tin, is represented in 8 
different ways : 

1. By t, as in tin, - - - - tm. 

2. . ed . . hopped, - - hopt. 



3. 
4. 
5. 
6. 

7. 

8. 



ct . . Ctesiphon, - Tssxfon. 

pt . . ^tyalism, - - tialxzm. 

te . . late, - - - - let. 

tt . . Vitt, - - - Pit. 

tte . . amourette, - - amcoret. 

phth . phthisic, - - tizik. 



Kk. 

The sound of K, as in kite, is represented in 
10 different ways : 

1. By c, as in cat, 

2. . k . 

3. . q . 

4. . cc . 

5. . ch . 

6. . gh. 

7. . ck . 

8. . ke . 

9. . che 
10. . que . ipique, - - pxk. 



cat, - - - 


- kat. 


&ite, - - - 


- kit. 


gueen, - - 
hiccough, - 
c/zord, - - 


- kwxn. 


- hikup. 

- kord. 


lou<7^, - - 
pac&, - - 
po&c, - - 
ache, - - 


- lok. 

- pak. 

- pcok. 

- ek. 



40 



PHONOLOGY. 
Ff. 



The sound of F, as in fame, is represented in 
7 different ways : 



1. By f, as in fame, - - - fem. 


2. . fe . 


. life, --- - lif. 


3. 


. ff . 


off of. 


4. 


■ gh • 


laugh, - - - laf. 


5. 


. ph. 


. phial, - - - fial. 


6. 


. fte . 


. often, - - - ofn. 


7. 


. pph 


. Sappho, - - Safco. 




0. 


The sound of 


TH, as in thin, is represented in 


2 different ways 


'. 


1. by th, as i 


n thin,- - - - 3m. 


2. . phth 


. apophthegm, - apcoOsm. 




Ss. 


The sound of 


S, as in sin, is represented in 11 


different ways : 




1. By c, as in cent, sent. 


2. . s . 


sin, - - - - sin. 


3. 


x . 


Ai^lachapelle, Eslacapel. 


4. 


ce . 


fleece, - - - flxs. 


5. 


ps . 


psalm, - - - sam. 


6. 


sc . . 


scene, - - - sxn. 


7. 


se . . 


case,- - - - kes. 


8. 


ss . . 


pass, - - - pas. 


9. . 


sw . . 


s?z;ord, - - - scord. 


10. 


ste . . 


glisten, - - - glisn. 


11. 


sch 


schism, - - - sizm. 



It is shown by the preceding scheme that the 38 elementary 
sounds of the English language are represented in 331 differ- 
ent ways, which may be considered as equivalent to three 
hundred and thirty-one different letters ! 



PHONOLOGY. 



41 



A Table showing the various ways in which the 
Compound Letters of the New Alphabet are 
represented by the old System of Orthography, 

The sound of D, and Z in azure, as heard in 
gem, is represented in 7 different ways : 

1. By d, as in grandeur, - - grancjur. 



2. 
3. 


g 

J 


• gem, - - 

• yob,- - - 


- cjsm. 

- (job. 


4. 
5. 
6. 

7. 


f 
dge 


• a$re, - - - 
. backer, - - 
. adjective, - 
. badge, - - 


- <4 

- bacjur. 

- acjektiv. 

- b«4 


The 
3 differ 


sound 
ent wa 


of GZ, as in tugs, 

iys: 


is represented in 


LI 


Ij X, 8 


is in exhaust, - 


- Eghost. 


2. 


gs 


. tugs , - - 


- tug. 


3. 


gg* 


. eggs, - - 


- Eg. 



V6. 

The sound of TSH, as in chin, is represented 
in 5 different ways : 

1. By c, as in vermicelli,- - vermx&h. 

2. . t . . nature, - - - ne&nr. 

3. . cli . . chin, - - - 6m. 

4. . ts . . cafcup. - - - kafrip. 

5. . tch. . cafc/z, - - - ka£. 



42 PHONOLOGY. 

Xx, 
The sound of KS, as in fix, is represented in 
8 different ways : 

1. By x, as in firs, - - - - fix. 

2. . xe . . axe, - - - - ax. 

3. . xc . . except, - - - sksspt. 

4. . cs . . ethics, - - - gfhx. 

5. . ks . . oaks, - - - cox. 

6. . cks . backs, - - - bax. 

7. . kes . cakes, - - - kex. 

8. . ches . aches, - - - ex. 

^4 Table showing that the same Combination of 
Letters represents different Sounds. 

A A represents 3 different elementary sounds : 

1. aa, as in .^aron, - - - Erun. 

2. aa . . baa, - - - - ba. 

3. aa . . Isaac, - - - Izak. 

AE represents 3 different elementary sounds : 

1. ae, as in Gaelic, - - - Gelic. 

2. ae . . aerie, - - - xrx. 

3. ae . . Paestum, - - Pcstum. 

AI represents 5 different elementary sounds : 

1. ai, as in aim,- - - - em. 

2. ai . . plaid, - - - plad. 

3. ai . . said, - - - ssd. 

4. ai . . mountain, - mcpntin. 

5. ai . . Britain, - - Bntun. 

AO represents 2 different elementary sounds : 

1. ao, as in gaol, - - - cjel. 

2. ao . . extraordinary, sxtrordxnarx. 



PHONOLOGY. 43 

AU represents 3 different elementary sounds : 



1. au, 


as in gauge, - 


- - gee] 


2. au 


. . aunt, 


- - ant. 


3. au 


. . laud, 


- - lod. 



AY represents 3 different elementary sounds : 

Lay, as in day, - - - - de. 

2. ay . . Sunday, - - Sundx. 

3. ay . . says. - - - sez. 

E A represents 6 different elementary sounds : 



1. ea, 

2. ea 


as 


in great, - ■ 
. heart, - - 


■ - gret. 
• - hart. 


3. ea 




. sergeant, ■ 


■ - sarcjant. 


4. ea 

5. ea 




. pea, - - - 
. head, - ■ 


■ - hed. 


6. ea 




. ocean, - ■ 


■ - cocun. 



EE represents 3 different elementary sounds : 

1. e'e, as in e'er, - - - - er. 

2. ee . . bee, - - - - bx. 

3. ee . . been, - - - bin. 

EI represents 5 different elementary sounds : 

1. ei, as in veil, - - - - vel. 

2. ei . . te/1, - - - -til. 

3. ei . . heifer, - - - hsfur. 

4. ei . . eider, - - - idur. 

5. ei . . surfezt, - - - surfit, 

E represents 7 different elementary sounds : 

1. eo, as in George, - - DorcJ. 

2. eo . . people, - - - pxpl. 

3. eo . . leopard, - - kpurd. 

4. eo . pigeon, - - - picjin. 



44 PHONOLOGY. 

5. eo, as in yeoman, - - yeoman. 

6. eo . . feod,- - - - fud. 

7. eo . . surgeon, - - surcjun. 

EU represents 3 different elementary sounds : 

1. eu, as in rheum, - - - rsm. 

2. eu . . feud, - - - fud. 

3. en . . grander, - - grancjur. 

E W represents 3 different elementary sounds : 

1. ew, as in sew, - - - - sco. 

2. ew . . bre?^, - - - brs. 

3. ew . . few, ------ fii. 

E Y represents 2 different elementary sounds : 

1. ey, as in they, - - - Se. 

2. ey . . key, - - - - kx. 

IA represents 3 different elementary sounds ~: 

1. ia, as in caviare, - - kavxr. 

2. ia . . carnage, - - kancj. 

3. ia . . patric/an, - - patneun. 

IE represents 5 different elementary sounds : 

1. ie, as in field, - - - fxld. 

2. ie . friend, - - - frond. 

3. ie . . pie, - - - - pi. 

4. ie . . berries, - - - bsnz. 

5. ie . . brazier, - - - brejur. 

OA represents 3 different elementary sounds : 

1. oa, as in broad, - - - brod. 

2. oa . . oar, - - - - cor. 

3. oa . cupboard, - - kuburd. 



PHONOLOGY. 45 

OE represents 5 different elementary sounds : 

1. oe, as in Oeta, - - - Xta. 

2. oe . . fetid, - - - fetid. 

3. o'e . . o'er, - - - - cor. 

4. oe . . shoe, - - - cs. 

5. oe . . does, - - - duz. 

00 represents 4 different elementary sounds : 

1. oo, as in door, - - - dcor. 

2. oo . . too, - - - - t-8. 

3. oo . . blood, - - - blud. 

4. oo . . wood, - - - wud. 

OU represents 5 different elementary sounds : 

1. ou, asinfe/r,- - - - for. 

2. ou . . sowp, - - - ssp. 

3. ou . . cough, - - - kof. 

4. ou . . toz^gh, - - - tuf 

5. ou . . out, - - - - cpt. 

OW represents 4 different elementary sounds : 

1. ow, as in flow, - - - flco. 

2. ow . . knowledge, - nokcj. 

3. ow . . bellows, - - bslus. 

4. ow . . now, - - - ncp. 

UA represents 2 different elementary sounds : 

1. ua, as in guard, - - - gard. 

2. ua . . piqwant, - - pxkant. 

UE represents 4 different elementary sounds : 

1. ue, as in guess, - - - ggs. 

2. ue . . true, - - - - trs. 

3. ue . . due, - - - - du. 

4. ue . . conqz/er, - - koijkur. 



46 PHONOLOGY. 

UI represents 4 different elementary sounds : 

1. ui, as in guide, - - - gid. 

2. ui . . build, - - - bild. 

3. ui . . frmt, - - - frst. 

4. ui . . ^'ce, - - - ejus. 

U Y represents 2 different elementary sounds : 

1. uy, as in bz/y, - - - - bi. 

2. uy . . plagz^y, - - - plegx. 

EIG represents 2 different elementary sounds: 

1. eig, as in reign, - - - ren. 

2. eig, . . foreign, - - - form. 

EWE represents 2 different elementary sounds: 

1. ewe, as in brewed, - - - brsd. 

2. ewe . . renewed, - - rxnud. 

EYE represents 2 different elementary sounds: 

1. eye, as in greyed, - - - pred. 

2. eye . . eye, - - - - i. 

OWE represents 2 different elementary sounds: 

1. owe, as in owed, - - - cod. 

2. owe . . bowed, - - - bqpd. 

UGH represents 2 different elementary sounds : 

1. ugh., as in ipugh, - - - ps. 

2. ugh, . . Hugh, - - - Hu. 

EIGH represents 2 different elementary sounds : 

1. eigh, as in weigh, - - - we. 

2. eigh . . height, - - - hit. 



PHONOLOGY. 47 

OUGH represents 5 different elementary sounds : 

1. ough, as in ought, - - - ot. 

2. ough . . though, - - - Sco. 

3. ough . . through, - - 9rs. 

4. ough . . cough, - - - kof. 

5. ough . . tough, - - - tuf. 

6. ough . . hough, - - - bqp. 

Is it possible to conceive of a more complicated, absurd, and 
unphilosophical system o£ orthography than that which is here 
presented ? 

PRONUNCIATION. 

In giving the sounds of the letters of the old 
alphabet, and the specimen exhibition of the 
absurdities of the old system of orthography, 
the author found it necessary to follow some 
well known system of pronunciation ; hence he 
has used Walker's. But, having accomplished 
that task, he will now take the liberty to substi- 
tute his own pronunciation for that of this dis- 
tinguished orthoepist, wherever he is unfortunate 
enough to differ from him on this subject. 

The article a should have the sound of a, as 
in an, thus : 

He is a wise man ; not a wise man. 
Hx iz a wiz man ; not e wiz man. 

When the article the precedes a word begin- 
ning with a vowel, it should be pronounced the ; 
when it precedes a word beginning with a con- 
sonant, it should be pronounced the, thus : 

The arts and the sciences ; the heavens and 
the earth. 

Ax arts and 8s siensiz ; Ss hsvnz and 8x erft. 



48 PHONOLOGY. 

It has been fashionable to pronounce the pro- 
noun my, when not emphatic, like the pronoun 
me. It is better, however, to pronounce it mi 
under all circumstances. Perspicuity requires 
this pronunciation in numerous instances. The 
following is an example : 

"And the pale stars shall be at night, 
The only eyes that watch my rite"' 1 

Should my, in the above example, be pro- 
nounced me, by a public speaker, the auditors 
might suppose the meaning of the passage to be 
as follows : 

And the pale stars shall be at night, 
The only eyes that watch me right. 

The vowel sound in such words as air, mare, 
there, &c, is thought by some writers to be a 
different sound from any which is represented 
in the author's Table of the Elements on page 
10. This opinion, however, is erroneous : there 
are two vowel sounds in these words, which coa- 
lesce in pronunciation — the first characterizes 
the pronunciation of the word; the second is 
the sound of U, as in up. The above words, as 
well as others of the same class, may be pro- 
nounced in three ways, thus : 

♦ 

air - - 1, eur, - - 2, sur, - - 3, aur. 
mare- - 1, meur,- - 2, msur,- - 3, maur. 
there-- - 1, Seur, - - 2, Seur, - - 3, Saur. 

The author prefers the last way of pronouncing these 
words ; he not only considers this pronunciation the most 
euphonic, but by far the most popular. 

The sounds of E, I, I, Q, K, IJ, and 0, are 



PHONOLO G Y. 



49 



never followed immediately by the sound of R — 
the sound of U. as heard in up, always inter- 
venes. Hence, to represent all the sounds in 
such words as ear, ire, oar, poor, pure, our, &c, 
by their appropriate characters, they should be 
spelled thus : xur, iur, cour, psur, puur, cpur, &c. 

But as no ambiguity will follow from spelling 
such words without the U, it may be omitted for 
the sake of brevity, thus : xr, ir, cor, psr, pur. q i\ &c. 

When, however, two short vowels precede the 
sound of R, as in air, ere, dare, lair, there, where, 
&c, they should both be expressed by their 
appropriate letters, thus : aur, eur, daur, laur, 
6'aur, qaur, &c. 

As the author's views of pronunciation will be given hereaf- 
ter, in the Reading Exercises, it is unnecessary to extend these 
remarks. 

Names of the Letters of the New Alphabet. 

In spelling by the Letters of the New Alphabet, it is better 
to call them by the sounds which they represent, than by any 
other name. This must necessarily be the case in regard to 
the vowels. But as it is desirable to have other names for the 
consonants (to be used, for instance, when speaking of these 
letters), the author has given the following : 



Bb- 


- bx 


L 1 - 


- lx 


■ce - 


- ex 


Dd- 


- dx 


R r - 


- rx 


Kk - 


- kx 


Dd- 


- # 


Mm - 


- mx 


Xx - 


- ex 


Gg- 


- g x 


Nn - 


- nx 


Ff - 


- ft 


Gg- 


- ^ 


jh - 


- HJ 


00 - 


- ax 


Vv- 


- vx 


Ww - 


- wx 


Ss - 


- sx 


A8- 


- Sx 


Yy - 


- y* 


Cc - 


- ex 


Zz- 


- zx 


Pp - 


- p x 


Hh - 


- hi 


Jj" 


- J* 


Tt - 


- tx 


Qq - 


- V 



On the following page is given the author's Phonographic 
Alphabet in connection with his Phonotypic Alphabet : the 
corresponding characters of each are in juxtaposition. 



50 PHONOLOGY. 

ComstocWs Phonotypic, and Phonographic Alphabets. 



VOWELS. 


SUBVOWELS. 


ASPIRATES. 


I X 


>& js 


B b 


<^> 


P 


P 




I I 


•w /& 


D d 


Wet 


T 


t 




E e 


^ 


JD i 




V 6 


\£/ /ts 


L 8 


& 


o g 


'f'y 


K k 


^ 


A a 


^2/a; 


Qs 


cf<? 


X 


X 


c33» 


A a 


j&* 


V v 


7K^ 


F 


f 


jrj 


o 


CO (xT 


A 8 


M <a 





s 


&.4L- 


o 


&<r 


Z z 


J& ^ 


S 


s 


&s 


Q co 


&* 


J J 


efy 


c 


c 


<£>/& 


U u 


c/o/Us 


L l 


C^ s 


H 


h 


tP&//C 


K 8 


fr 


R r 


M^ 


Q 


q 


& r 


U u 
I i 

13 ij 
a a 




M m 
N n 

Ww 




Q 


— 




<Pr 


a 


cp 


tSf 


Y y 


S T 






/ 

i 



PHONOLOGY. 

THE SMALL LETTERS CONNECTED. 



51 




OMISSIONS. 

The fourth sound of S, as in sure, was acci- 
dentally omitted on page 7. The several ways 
in which the sounds of the following letters are 
represented, were also omitted in the proper 
place : they should have followed page 40. 

Cc. 
The sound of SH, as in shade, (C, as in ocean), 
is represented in 7 different ways : 



1. By c, as in ocean, - 



2. 


s . 


3. 


t . 


4. 


ch . 


5. 


. sh . 


6. 


ss . 


7. 


sch 



cocun. 

cur. 

necun. 

macin. 

ced. 

acur. 

Cilur. 



sure, - - 

nation, - - 

macMne, - 

sAad, - - 

assure, - - 

Schiller, - 

Hh. 

The sound of H, as in hut, is represented in 2 
different ways : 

1. By h, as in hut, - - - - hut. 

2. . wh . whom., - - - hsm. 

Qq. 
The sound of Q (WH, as in what), is repre- 
sented in 1 way : 

I. By wh, as in wk&t, - - - qot. 



52 



PHONOLOGY. 



A French Key to the New Alphabet. 
The following French Key to the Author's 
New Alphabet of the English language, was 
furnished by Monsieur Alexandre Pantoleon, 
Professor of Languages in the Vocal and Poly- 
glott Gymnasium. It is designed for French- 
men who wish to learn the English language. 

CIS francaise a V alphabet anglais invente par 
le Docteur Andree Comstock. 



VOYELLES. 




V v 


- 


V. 


nglaises. 

I x - 
I i - 
E e - 


Franc 


aises. 


A 8 


- 


Z ? grassey6. 


h 


long. 


Z z 


- 


Z. 


e, 


bref et guttural, 
long et ferme. 


J J 
L 1 


- 


J- 

1. 


h e - 

A a - 


e, 


bref et ouvert. 


R r 


- 


r. 


a, 


long et ferine. 


Mm 


- 


m. 


A a - 


e, 


bref et ouvert. 


N n 


— 


n. 


(.) o - 
o - 


a, 


long, guttural et 
ouvert. 


VI i] 


- 


y. nasale, suivie d'un 
Ai ? ton pectoral. 


o, 


bref et ouvert. 


Ww 


_ 


0U ? (oui.) 


Q co - 
LI u - 


6, 
e, 


suivi du son de 
ou. 

bref. 


Yy 


- 


y, (yeuz.) 


Ks - 


ou, 


long. 


CONSONNES ASPIREES. 


U u - 


ou, 


bref. 


A nglaises 




Francaises. 


I i - 


ai, 


appuyez sur Fa. 


P p 


- 


P- 


JJ LJ - 


iou, 


appuyez sur l'i. 


T t 


- 


t. 


(J a - 


oi, 


appuyez sur To. 


■C 6 


- 


tch. 


cp - 


aou 


. appuyez sur l'a. 


K k 


- 


k. 


CONSONNES DOUCES. 


X x 

F f 


- 


ks. 
f. 


nglaises. 


. Francaises. 


- 


B b - 


b. ' 




© a 


- 


Sj grasseyee. 


D d - 


d. 




S s 


- 


S. 


£>c] - 


dj- 




C c 


- 


ch. 


Gg - 


g> fe 


ai.) 


H h 


- 


, aspiration forcee, 


Qs - 


gz. 




Q q 


- 


nOU ? lieu, a-peu-pr£s. 



PHONOLOGY, 53 

PHONOGRAPHY. 

Phonography (from cpwr h voice, and ypwo, wri- 
ting) is the art of representing the elementary 
sounds of vocal language by written characters. 

Mr. Pitman's phonographic alphabet consists 
of straight lines, curved lines, and dots, as may 
be seen on page 13. 

The first twelve vowel sounds represented in 
the Table, (page 13,) are alternately long and 
short, The former are expressed by heavy dots, 
and heavy short lines or dashes ; the latter, by 
corresponding light ones. The four remaining 
vowels are all long, and are expressed by appro- 
priate characters. 

The vowels are written at the beginning, the 
middle, and at the end of the consonants. Hence 
they are divided into first-place, second-place, and 
third-place vowels. I, I, 0, 0, I, Q are first- 
place vowels ; E, L, Q, U are second-place vowels, 
and A, A, K, U, IT, are third-place vowels. 
The places of the vowels are shown in the Table 
(page 13) by the D sign, which is put before each 
vowel sign for this particular purpose. The 
reader will perceive that the same vowel sign 
represents different vowel sounds according to 
its position with respect to the consonant. 

In writing with Mr. Pitman's phonographic 
characters, all the consonants in a word are first 
made, without removing the pen from the paper; 
the vowels are then placed in their respective 
situations. 

When a vowel precedes a vertical, or an oblique 
consonant, it is of course placed on the left-hand 
5* 



54 PHONOLOGY. 

side of the consonant ; when it follows the con- 
sonant, it is placed on the right-hand side, thus : 

•| r •! !• i| h x \ K )« 

eat, tea, aid, day, ode, dough, ape, pay, oath, so. 

The characters which represent the sounds of 
B, D, JD, V, A, Z, J, as well as those which repre- 
sent the sounds of their cognates, P, T, V, F, @, 
S, C, are written downwards. Hence, their 
vowel places are ascertained by counting from 
the top to the bottom. 

The character which represents the sound of 
R is also written downwards, consequently its 
vowel places are ascertained in the same way. 
There is, however, another character for R (of 
the same form as that of V) which is always con- 
nected with another consonant, and is always 
written upwards; its vowel places are ascer- 
tained by counting upwards. 

When the L character stands alone, it is con- 
sidered as struck upwards ; when it is connected 
with another consonant, it is struck either up- 
wards or downwards, as is most convenient. Its 
vowel places are ascertained by counting in the 
direction in which it is written. 

The horizontal signs are struck from left to right; 
their vowel places follow in the same direction. 

When a vowel precedes a horizontal conso- 
nant, it is placed above the consonant ; when it 
follows the consonant, it is placed below it, thus : 



ache, gay, aim, cow, oaken, pneumonic. 

Mr. Pitman's System of Phonography, entire, will be given 
in No. III. of this Treatise. 



PHONOLOGY. 55 

THE FIRST CHAPTER OF GENESIS. 

1. In Ss bxginir) God krxetsd Ss hevn and Sx sr9. 

2. And Sx 8r9 woz wiScpt form, and vad ; and 
darknss woz upon Ss fes ov Ss dxp ; and Ss spirit 
ov God msvd upon Se fes ov 8s woturz. * 

3. And God ssd, Lst 8aur bx lit; and Saur 
woz lit. 

4. And God so Ss lit, Sat it woz gud; and 
God divided Ss lit from Ss darknss. 

5. And God kold Ss lit De, and Ss darknss hx 
kold Nit. And Sx xvnir) and Ss mornir] wsr Ss 
furst de. 

6. And God ssd, Lst Saur bx a fermament in Ss 
midst ov Ss woturz, and lst it dxvid Ss woturz 
from Ss woturz. 

7. And God med Ss fsrmament, and divided 
Ss woturz qi<5 wsr undur Ss fsrmament from Ss 
woturz qi6 wsr abuv Ss fermament : and it woz sco. 

8. And God kold Ss fermament Hevn. And Sx 
xvniij and Ss mornii] wsr Ss sekund de. 

9. And God ssd, Let Ss woturz undur Se hevn 
bi gaSurd tcogeSur unts wun pies, and let Ss dri 
land apxr : and it woz so3. 

10. And God kold Ss dri land Lr$, and Ss ga- 
Surn) tcogeSur ov Se woturz kold hx Sxz : and God 
so Sat it woz gud. 

11. And God ssd, Let Sx Lr9 brrn fcorO gras, Sx 



56 PHONOLOGY. 

srb yxldir) sxd, and Se frut-trx yxldir) frut aftur hiz 
kind, hsz sxd iz in itself, upon Sx erS : and it woz 

SCO. 

12. And Se Lr9 brot fcorS gras, and erb yxldn) 
sxd aftur hiz kind, and Se trx yxldn) frut, hsz sxd 
woz in itself, aftur hiz kind : and God so Sat it 
woz gud. 

13. And Sx xvnir) and 8s mornir) wer 8s Surd de. 

14. And God sed, Let Saur bx lits in Se ferma- 
ment ov 8s hevn., ts dxvid 8e de from Se nit : and 
let Sem bx for sins and for sxznz, and for dez, and 
yxrz: 

15. And let Sem bx for lits in Se fermamsnt ov 
Se hevn, ts giv lit upon Sx erfl- : and it woz sco. 

16. And God med ts gret lits; Se gretur lit ts 
rul Se de, and Se lesur lit ts rul Se nit : hx med Se 
starz olsco. 

17. And God set Sem in Se fermament ov Se 
hevn, ts giv lit upon Sx erd, 

18. And ts rul covur Se de and covur Se nit, and 
ts dxvid Se lit from Se darknss : and God so Sat 
it woz gud. 

19. And Sx xvnir) and 8s mornir) wer Se fcorS de. 

20. And God sed, Let Se woturz brir) fcorft 
abnndantli Se msvir) krx6ur Sat ha9 lif, and fqpl 
Sat me fii abuv Sx er9 in Sx copn fermament ov 
hevn. 

21. And God krxeted gret qelz, and evurx liviq 



PHOXOLOG Y. 57 

krxftur Sat msvs&, qi£ Ss wotnrz brot ford abun- 
dant li, aftur Baur kind, and svun vrnisd fipl aftur 

hiz kind : and God so Sat it woz gird. 

22. And God blsst Ssm, sen], Bx frutful, and 
multipli, and fil Ss woturz m 5s sxz ; and 1st fcpl 
multipli m Sx srfl. 

23. And Sx ivniq and Ss rnornii] wsr Ss fif3 de. 

24. And God ssd, Lst Sx sr8 brn] forfl Ss Iiviij 
krxfur aftur hiz kind, katl, and knpn] Sir), and 
bxst oy Sx sr3 aftur hiz kind : and it woz sco. 

25. And God med Ss bxst oy Sx sru aftur hiz 
kind, and katl aftur Saur kind, and SYun 8nj Sat 
krxpsS upon Sx sri) aftur hiz kind : and God so 
Sat it woz gud. 

26. And God ssd, Lst us mek man m qpur imicj 
aftur cpur liknss; and 1st Ssm hav dcommyun 
coYiir Ss fie oy Ss sx. and covur Ss fipl oy Sx aur. 
and coyui" Ss katl, and covur col Sx srO, and covur 
svun krxpir) 9iq Sat krxpsd upon Sx en}. 

27. Sco God krxetsd man in hiz con imi-c] ; m Sx 
imicj oy God krxetsd hx him ; mel and fxmel krx- 
etsd hx Ssm. 

28. And God blsst Ssm, and God ssd unts 
Ssm, Bx frutful, and multipli, and rxplsmc Sx 
sr9, and subdi: it: and hav dcommyun coYur Ss 
fie oy Ss sx, and covur Ss fq?l oy Sx aur, and coYur 
svun livii] 3ii] Sat msvs9 upon Sx erf}. 



58 PHONOLOGY. 

29. And God sal, Bxhcold, I hav givn yu svun 
srb bauring sxd, qi6 iz upon Ss fes ov ol Sx sr9, 
and evuri tri, m Se qi6 iz Ss frut ov a trx yxldiq 
sxd ; ts yu it cal bx for mxt. 

30. And ts evuri bxst ov Sx erS, and ts evuri 
fcpl ov Sx aur, and ts svun Sir) Sat krxpeS upon Sx 
srft, qaurm Saur iz lif, I hav givn svun grxn £rb 
for mxt ; and it woz sco. 

31. And God so svun Sir] Sat hx had med, and 
bxhcold, it woz ven gud, And Sx xvnu) and Ss 
mornir) wsr Se sixd de. 

THE EIGHTH PSALM. 

Q Sep ts hsm ol krx6urz bep 

WiSm Sis sr&li frem, 
0rs ol Ss wurld hqp gret art Sqp ! 

Hep glconus iz Si nem ! 

In hsvn Si wundrus akts ar sur), 

Nor Mi rsknd Saur ; 
And yst Sep mek'st Sx infant tuq 

Ai bundles prez dxklaur. 

Qsn hsvn, Si butxus wurk on hi, 

Lmplciz mi wund'rir) sit ; 
As msn Sat nitli rulz Ss ski, 
* WiS starz ov fxblur lit — 

Q qot iz man, Sat, Lord, Sep luv'st 

Ts kxp him in Si mind ? 
Or qot hiz ofsprxr),8at Sep prsv'st 

Ts Ssm sco wundrus kind ? 



PHONOLOGY. 59 

Him next m pcpur Sep didst krxet 

Ts Si sxlesfial tren ; 
Qrdend, wiS digniti and stet, 

fi'ur ol Si wurx ts ren. 

Ae dantli cm Si pepurful swe — 

Ae bxsts Sat pre, or grez ; 
Ae burd Sat wirjz its auri we ; 

As fie Sat kuts Se sxz. 

Q Sep ts hsm ol krx6urz bep 

WiSm Sis er91i frem, 
©rn ol Ss wurld hep gret art Sep ! 

Hep gleorms iz Si nem ! 



ON FALLING INTO THE INDOLENCE OF OLD AGE 
PREMATURELY. 

(Vicesimus Knox, D.D.) 

Aaur prxvelz an copmyun, Sat, aftur a sertm 
ecj, Se mind, lik Ss bodi, havir) arivd at its kom- 
plxt siz, sxsiz ts admit Sat mkrxs qi6 wi kol im- 
prsvment. Mem apxransiz sxm ts cjustifi sufi an 
copmyun ; but I am mklind ts bxlxv, Sat, Sw Ss 
mind at a sertm ec], me, from sevural koziz, ceo a 
tendensi ts bxkum stecunan, yet its tendensi me 
bx kepnturaktsd bi extrordman egercun. 

Ae macxn, bi lor) operecun, me hav mkurd Sx 
impediments ov eksesiv frikcun, or sum ov Se qxlz 
me bx nxrli wcourn qpt; but a htl al cjudicusli 



60 PHONOLOG Y. 

aplid, and a fu rxpaurz mcjxnxusli med, me rxstcor 
its mcocunz and ogmsnt its fors. 

Wun konsidurabl prsf, Sat qsn 8s mind haz 
rx6t Sx akmi ov its imprsvmsnt, it bxkurnz for a 
litl qil stecunari, and Sen rstrcogred, iz dron from 
obszurvii) Sat 8s sskund or Surd prcodukcun ov 
an o9ur iz ofn mfxrxur ts hiz furst, xvn Sco 8s furst 
wsr Ss produs ov hiz cjuvxnil ecj. 

But iz it not probabl Sat 8x sgmcunz ov Sx 
ofhir me hav bin rxmitsd aftur havir) obtend Ss 
distnjkcun qi6 furst stimuletsd hiz srlrar dilicjsns ? 
Suksss opurets on Ss mindz ov msni lik Ss luk- 
cunz ov Ka'pua on Ss scolcjurz ov Hanibal, aftur 
Ss pasic] ov Sx Alps, and Ss vikturi ov Ka'nx. 

Qsn Ss strsrjS ov Ss bodi bxginz ts dxklin, its 
kompanyun sxmz ts mdulc] it wiS a simpaQizir) 
mdcolsns. As rod Sat Ixdz ts rxpoz iz smsS, flcpuri, 
and sxdusir) ; and msni Saur ar lis sntur it, lor) 
bxfcor rxpcoz iz nsssssn. If Se kud akwir sslf- 
komand xiraf ts avad Ss 6armz ov Ss sirsn, Se 
mit stil mek gret advansiz in klimir) Ss stxps ov 
sisns and vsr&j. But it must bx alcpd Sat gretur 
sfcorts ar rxkwird San Ss cjsnuraliti ov mankind 
ar dispcozd ts mek, at sni tim in Saur livz, and 
mu6 ks'at Ss pxnud ov Saur dxklin. 

Yst Ss histun ov literatur afcordz msni animetir) 
sgamplz, ts prsv Sat gret wurks me bx prcodust 
aftur Ss midl ov lif. Sofcoklxz and ©xcofrastus 



PHONOLOGY. 61 

kompcozd ekselent wurks qen Se wcr nxrli a hun- 
dred yxrz cold. Our con Mil tun, hsz Paradis 
Lost iz an efort ov mental aktiviti xkwa] ts em 
qi6 antikwiti kan bost, did not bxgm it til hx had 
arivd at Sat ecj qen, m 5x ©pmyun ov mem, Se 
mind iz rxsxdir) from ekselens. 

Dulius Sxzar Skalicjur, hs bxkem a prodicji ov 
lurnir)., did not komens Se studi ov Grxk til hx 
woz nxrli forti. Hx did not xvn no3 Se Grxk 
karakturz til ahcpt Sat tim; nor did hx dxvcot 
himself entirli ts a lif ov leturz til hx woz forti- 
sevn. Hiz dez til Sen had bin spent in an unsetld 
manur, 6xfli in Sx arrni, wjS habits and dispozi- 
cunz unfevurabl ts stuck But hx had a mind 
qi6, lik Sat ov hiz nemsek, Se Roman korjkurur, 
woz formcl ts brek dcpn ol obstaklz; and ecj, 
msted ov abetii] hiz vigur, servd but ts hardn and 
korobcaret Se sinuz ov hiz intelekt. 

It sxmz mdxd rxznabl ts supcoz, Sat wurks qi6 
dxpend on Se wormfl and vigur ov Sx imacjinecun, 
on peSos and sensibihti ov hart, wud olwez bx 
prcodust in Se pretest perfekcun at an erli pxnud ; 
but Sx egamplz ov Soixoklxz and Miltun, qs 
rcot Se finest poxtri, Se wun m extrxm old ec], 
and Sx uSur at a matur ecj, serv ts prsv Sat 
iJxonz konsurnii] Se human mind ar ts falecus 
ts bx entiurh rxlid on. Ae clxfekts and felyurz 
ov nefiur me bx m a gret mejur suplid or prx- 



62 PHONOLOGY. 

vented bi prudsns and pursivxrans. But lezmes 
and wont ov spirit sufur Sem ts krxp on bxfcor 
neiur intended. 

A us iz lif in efekt abrxvxeted. Lrli cold ecj and 
erli dcotec] ar introdust bi an abcjekt denlikcun ov 
cpr con pcpurz. Wx lebur ts mkrxs cpr for&jnz, 
and sufur cpr fakultiz ts run ts rum wiScpt rxluk- 
tans. But it iz curli wur9 qil ts kontend stren- 
yuusli for Saur prszurvecun. Ov hep litl valyu 
ar Sx encjaments ov lif, qsn wx kum ts vegitet in 
stupiditi in Se midst ov ol Sat cud dxlit cpr sensiz, 
inform cpr undurstandii), enn6 cpr memuri, and 
glitur on cpr imaginecun ! 

It iz wurfl qil ts pursu evuri meSud qi6 haz a 
tendensi ts prcolor) cpr mental egistens. Amur) 
Sxz I wil ven&ir ts xnumxret a konstant yet mo- 
duret exursiz ov cpr abilitiz, a deli akumulecun 
ov nu idxaz, a rekolekcun ov Sx cold, a rul covur 
Se pacunz, a tempurans in win and ol Se plejurz 
ov Se glutn and debcocx. 

Wx ofn akuz tim and nefeur for dxkez qi6 ar 
kozd bi cpr con neglekt. lusted ov imurcjir) cpr- 
selvz in Se pursut ov welfrqii wx cal nevur encja, 
and onurz qi6 ar emti bublz, let cpr dxzir bx ts 
prxzurv cpr fakultiz unimpaurd ts Se last, and ts 
cin az Se sun cinz, brit drs Se hcol ov its progres ; 
and Sco wiS abeted hxt and efulcjens at Se klcoz ov 
it, yet wiS a sxrxn and venurabl lustur, til it 
dxsendz ts Sx uSur hemisfxr. 



COMSTOCK'S ELOCUTION. 

A SYSTEM OF ELOCUTION, with special reference to 
Gesture, to the Treatment of Stammering, and Defective 
Articulation, comprising numerous Diagrams and Engraved 
Figures illustrative of the subject, by Andrew Comstock, 
M. D., Principal of the Vocal and Polyglott Gymnasium. 
Eighth Edition, enlarged. Philadelphia: Published by 
E. H. Butler & Co. 

This is a duodecimo volume of nearly 400 pages. It is printed 
on good paper, and is well bound in leather. Price $1. 

The work is theoretical and practical It comprises a variety 
of exercises for the cure of defective articulation, cuts showing the 
best posture of the mouth in the energetic utterance of the ele- 
mentary sounds of the English language, numerous diagrams illus- 
trative of the melody and modulations of the voice, &c, and more 
than 200 engraved figures illustrative of the subject of gesture. 

Under the head, Practical Elocution, are a variety of Exer- 
cises on the Elements of the English Language, which are cal- 
culated to develope the voice, increase its compass, and give 
flexibility to the muscles of articulation. 

The Exercises in Reading and Declamation have been taken from 
some of the best ancient and modern authors ; and they are well 
adapted to the purposes of the student in elocution. In these Ex- 
ercises, most of the sounds liable to be omitted, or to be imperfectly 
articulated, are represented by italic letters. Hence, the reader 
will have no difficulty m correcting all ordinary defects in his ar- 
ticulation. 

The arrangement of the several parts of the work is strictly 
systematic; each is discussed in its natural order, and with as much 
brevity as consists with perspicuity. The work is designed for 
the use of colleges and schools, as well as for the instruction of 
private individuals who desire to improve themselves in the art of 
reading and speaking. 

The value of vocal gymnastics cannot be duly appreciated by 
those who have not experienced or witnessed their beneficial re- 
sults. But the time is not far distant when these exercises will 
be considered, by all intelligent persons, an essential part of 
primary instruction. 

(3) 



COMSTOCK'S TABLE OF ELEMENTS. 

A Table of the Elements of the English Language, to which are 
prefixed Exercises in Pitch and Force. By Andrew Comstock, M. D, 3 
No. 100 Mulberry street, Philadelphia. (Fourth Edition.) Published 
by the Author. 

Description.— -This Table is in the form of a map mounted on rollers. 
It is four feet three inches in length, and two feet five inches in breadth. 
It contains the Elements of the English Language, and the most import- 
ant Exercises in Pitch and Force found in the Author's System of Elo- 
cution. They are systematically arranged, and printed in characters 
large enough to be read at the distance of forty or fifty feet. The chart 
also contains forty-eight cuts, showing the best posture of the mouth in 
the energetic utterance of the Elements. It is designed for the use of 
colleges, schools, and private families. Price, $2. 

Remarks. — The scholars in every school, and, indeed, the members of 
every family, should practise daily the exercises which are delineated 
upon this chart. Children, even before they learn the alphabet, should 
be taught to utter the elements of the language with precision. The 
practice of these exercises produces the following beneficial results : 

1. It increases the strength and flexibility of all the muscles concerned 
in the production and modification of vocal sound. 

2. It enables the pupil, in reading, speaking, and singing, to articulate 
perfectly. 

3. It enables the pupil to give astonishing force and fullness to his 
voice. 

4. It extends the compass of the voice. 

5. It improves the ear — enabling the pupil not only to appreciate, in 
the voices of others, but to execute with his own, the various modifica- 
tions of pitch and force so important in the correct expression of oral 
language. 

6. It promotes the functions of the lungs, by expanding the chest, and 
invigorating all the organs which constitute the respiratory apparatus. 
During the exercise, a larger amount of atmospheric air is respired than 
under ordinary circumstances ; hence the lungs are enabled more effect- 
ually to pump, as it were, the deleterious carbon from the blood, and 
return, in its stead, the vivifying oxygen. 



O^T'Dr. Comstock has also published a Chart, (2 feet 9 inches in 
length, and 2 feet 1 inch in breadth,) comprising a Perfect Alphabet of 
the English Language, the corresponding Phonographic characters of 
Pitman, and Exercises in Gesture. 

(9) 



COMSTOCK'S 
SYSTEM OF ELOCUTION. 



RECOMMENDATORY NOTICES. 

Certificates from Professor Horner and Professor Hare 
of the University of Pennsylvania. 

Having been present on the 10th inst. at the exercises of the pupils in 
Dr. Andrew Comstock's Gymnasium, for the improvement of the voice 
and of the articulation in stammerers and others, the impression made 
upon me was highly favourahle to his method of instruction. 

The system is founded upon an exact anatomical nnd physiological 
information, in regard to the organs concerned in the production and 
modification of sound. Its several parts appear to have been evolved 
and matured upon a degree of thought and an extent of experiment 
reflecting much credit upon his sagacity and industry; and it inspires 
a very strong confidence of its applicability to the faults generally of 
speech or phonation. One of his pupils, who only a week before the 
occasion alluded to, had been a most unpleasant stammerer, was then 
heard to recite publicly with great ease and fluency, with a full intona- 
tion. 

W. E. HORNER, M. D. 
Professor of Anatomy in the University of Pennsylvania. 

Philadelphia, Aug. 11, 1837. 

Philadelphia, Aug. 14th, 1337. 
Having been present on the occasion alluded to in the preceding letter 
of the Professor of Anatomy, I have no hesitation in alleging that my 
impressions are consistent with those which rr.y colleague has therein 
expressed. 

ROBERT HARE, M. D. 
Professor of Chemistry in the University of Pennsylvania. 



From the United States Gazette, 

Congress Hall, Philad., Nov. 25, 1837. 
Andrew Comstock, M. D. 

Dear Sir, — Before leaving your city, allow me to express to you the 
perfect satisfaction I feel, in witnessing the progress which my son has 
made in Elocution under your instruction. 

6* (1) 



The habit of stammering which commenced with his early efforts to 
speak, and which thirteen years (his present age) seemed only to con- 
firm, is now, with six weeks instruction, completely eradicated. 

Though delighted beyond expression in this result, I am not disap- 
pointed. From the moment I became acquainted with your method of 
instruction, I did not doubt its entire success, Founded on scientific 
principles, it must succeed in all cases where there is no malformation 
of the organs of speech. 

You have reduced to a system what before was but imperfectly un- 
derstood, and done most essential service to mankind in elevating a 
numerous class of unfortunate fellow-beings, and saved them from the 
impositions of ignorant and unprincipled empirics. 

Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

E. PIERCE, M. D., of Athens, N. Y. 

From the Rev. Thomas B. Bradford. 

Philadelphia, April 4, 1842. 

I take great pleasure in recommending Dr. Comstock's Systeih of 
Elocution. A practical acquaintance with the system, and with the 
instructions of its author, enables me to speak with confidence of the 
high superiority of this treatise, and of the ample qualifications of its 
author as an instructor in the art of speaking. 

His course of instruction is exactly adapted to the cure of stammerers; 
and my personal knowledge of the cure of those who have been thus 
afflicted, warrants me in particularly recommending such individuals to 
place themselves under the tuition of Dr. Comstock. 

T. B. BRADFORD. 



From E. C. Wines, A. M., late Professor of Moral, Mental, 

and Political Science in the Central High School of 

Philadelphia. 

Philadelphia, Oct. 22d, 1842. 

I take pleasure in stating that Dr. A. Comstock taught Elocution in 
my school during the whole of last year, and that his System of Elocu- 
tion was used as a text-book. I consider it a work of very great merit, 
admirably adapted to the end for which it was designed. The principles 
of the science are laid down with clearness and ability in the First Part; 
and the selections for practice in the Second Part are made with excel- 
lent judgment. It is a work every way worthy of the public patronage. 

The progress of the pupils in my school under Dr. Comstock's in- 
struction was altogether satisfactory. He fully sustained his high repu- 
tation as a teacher of practical elocution. 

E. c wines. 

From S. W. Crawford, A. M., Principal of the Academy 
connected toith the University of Pennsylvania. 

I have examined Dr. Comstock's Elocution, and agree with Mr. 
Wines in the above recommendation. 

S. W. CRAWFORD. 



8 

From the Rev. Hairy W. Ducachet, M. D., D.D. 

Philadelphia, June 26th, 1843. 
Andrew Comstock, M. D. 

Dear Sir— I have very carefully read the "System of Elocution,'' 
&c. published by you. Indeed, ever since I have become acquainted 
with the work, I have made it a book of reference on that subject. It 
seems to me admirably well adapted to the purposes for which it is de- 
signed. I have, indeed, no experience in the treatment of " stammering," 
or "defective articulation." But your rules for their cure appear very 
natural, and I think cannot fail, in ordinary cases, to be successful. For 
myself, I can say that I have derived from your work, some hints that 
have been most useful to me as a public speaker. I hope the book will 
be appreciated as it deserves, and that you will go on to reap a rich har- 
vest of reputation and profit from your valuable labours in that much 
neglected, but very important art. 

Very respectfully, your ob't serv't, 

HENRY W. DUCACHET, 
Rector of St. Stephen's Church, Philadelphia. 



From G. W. Francis, A. M., Principal of a Family Board- 
ing School, Troy^ N. Y. ; and C. H. Anthony, Esq., 
Principal of the Albany Classical Institute, Albany, 
N. Y. 

We have used Dr. Comstock's System of Elocution for some time in 
our schools, and we do not hesitate to give it the preference to any system 
with which we are acquainted. 

G. W. FRANCIS. 
C. H. ANTHONY. 
Troy, N. Y, Feb. 2d, 1844. 



From the Faculty of the University of Michigan. 

University of Michigan, April 20, 1845. 
We have examined Dr. Comstock's System of Elocution with some 
care, and we are fully persuaded that it is better adapted to assist 
pupils in acquiring a correct, easy and forcible enunciation than any 
other work with which we are acquainted. 

JOSEPH WHITING, A. M. 

Professor of Languages. 

A. TEN BROOK, A. M. 

Professor of Mental and Moral Philosophy. 

GEO. P. WILLIAMS, A. M. 

Professor of Mathematics 

O. C. COMSTOCK, A. M,, M. D. 

Superintendant of Public Instruction. Michigan. 



EPITOME 
HISTORIC SACR.E, 

ON 

AN I M P R V E D PLAN, 

IN TWO VOLUMES: 

THE FIRST CONTAINING THE ORIGINAL TEXT IN THE ENGLISH ORDER OF 

CONSTRUCTION, WITH THE ELLIPTICAL SENTENCES RENDERED 
PLENARY, WITH THE MAKES OF QUANTITY, AND OF 
ACCENT, AND WITH A LITERAL INTER- 
LINEAR TRANSLATION J 

THE SECOND CONTAINING THE ORIGINAL TEXT SIMPLY, IN THE 

LATIN ORDER OF CONSTRUCTION : 

THE WHOLE 

SO PRESENTED THAT THE ACQUISITION OF THE LATIN IS NOT ONLY 
GREATLY FACILITATED, BUT RENDERED MUCH MORE INTER- 
ESTING THAN BY THE USUAL METHOD. 

DESIGNED AS A PRIMARY BOOK. 

BY 

ANDREW COMSTOCK. M.D. 

PRINCIPAL OF THE VOCAL AND FOLYGLOTT GYMNASIUM, AUTHOR OF 
A SYSTEM OF ELOCUTION, ETC. 

VOLUME I. 

PHILADELPHIA: 

PUBLISHED BY E. H. BUTLER & CO. 
1846. 



PREFACE, 



The Epitoxe Historic Sacrjs of C. F. L'Homond is here pre- 
sented on a new and improved plan. It is bound in two volumes, each 
of which contains the entire work. 

A Latin heading is put to each chapter ; and the dates of the most 
remarkable events are given. 

The first volume contains the original text, with the words in the 
English order of construction, and is accompanied with a literal, inter- 
linear translation. The second volume contains the original text simply, 
in the Latin order of construction. 

In the first volume, all elliptical sentences are rendered plenary, that 
their grammatical construction may be clearly understood; and, that 
the words which are thus introduced, may not be confounded with the 
text itself, they are in italics — in the headings to the chapters, these 
words are in brackets. 

As the translation is literal, it necessarily contains many redundant 
words — these are designated by a cross. The words in brackets, intro- 
duced into the translation, have not corresponding Latin words in the 
line above them. In some instances, the object of their introduction is 
to render the sense clearer, or the translation more elegant, — in others, 
both. To accomplish the same object, there are also numerous expla- 
natory foot-notes. 

Every sentence in each volume is divided into sections by vertical 
bars, after the manner of the Exercises in Reading and Declamation 
in the Editor's Ststex of Elocution ; and the sections in one volume 
correspond to those in the other. These divisions answer a threefold 
purpose : 

First, they mark the proper stopping-places in responsive, or concert 
reading ; that is, when the pupils pronounce aloud after the teacher. 

Secondly, they enable the pupil, while silently studying his lessons in 
the second volume, to find at once, and, consequently, without loss of 
time, the same word, with the translation of it, in the first volume. 

Thirdly, the bars in the second volume also serve to guide the pupil 
when reading and translating his lessons to the teacher. 

In the first volume, the marks of quantity, and those of accent, are 
given. Hence, with the aid of these, and the elementary sounds given 
in the Introduction, the pupil will have no difficulty in apprehending 
the correct pronunciation of the language. 

The pronunciation here recommended is that of the schools of Italy. 
This pronunciation, probably, approaches nearer than any other, to that 
of the ancient Romans ; at any rate, by adopting it, the pupil is better 
prepared for studying the Italian, and other languages, derived from the 
Latin. 



PREFACE. 

The work is designed to be used in the following manner: 

The members of a class should take the first volume, and pronounce 
successively the Latin and the corresponding English of a chapter, in 
concert, after the teacher, till each pupil shall have learned the correct 
pronunciation of every word. They should then take the second 
volume, and pronounce in like manner, after the teacher, the same les- 
son, — the teacher giving the translation as they proceed. In the course 
of the exercise, the teacher should give such explanations of words, 
idioms, &c, as he may find necessary to elucidate the subject. When 
the exercise is over, the members of the class should retire with both 
volumes, and study the lesson till they can fill all the ellipses in the 
second volume, without the aid of the first, and pronounce, translate, 
and parse, every word correctly. They should then return with the 
second volume only, and recite the lesson to the teacher. 

The advantages peculiar to this method, are derived from rendering 
it unnecessary, by giving the interlinear translation in one volume, and 
the original text in another, for the pupil to turn to a different part of 
the same volume for any aid which he may require from the translation 
— from denoting, where it is necessary, the true quantity and accent of 
the Latin syllables by appropriate marks — from placing the correspond- 
ing English under each Latin word — from the threefold purpose of the 
divisions in every sentence, by means of vertical bars — and from the 
preparation which the pupil makes by first reading each lesson with 
the teacher. In this way, the pupils have no occasion to waste time in 
turning over the pages of the Dictionary. Nor have they any occasion 
to make frequent calls on the teacher ; for, having already read the 
lesson with him, the interlinear translation renders them all the aid 
which they can possibly need in preparing their lessons for a thorough 
recitation.* 

That these advantages will render the acquisition of language much 
more agreeable and rapid, must be obvious to every reflecting mind. 
And that all instructors who have the welfare of their pupils at heart, 
will adopt this work, is placed beyond doubt from the consideration 
that men are inclined to employ the best means for the accomplishment 
of their ends. Andhew Comstock, 

No, 100 Mulberry Street, Philadelphia, 

July 24, 1845. 

*The pupil should, in like manner, read all his grammar lessons with the 
teacher before he commits them to memory. 



[O^ The Author intends to publish, immediately, 
the New Testament, and several school-books, in his 
Perfect Alphabet. 



DR. COMSTOCK'S 
VOCAL AND POLYGLOTT GYMNASIUM, 

PHILADELPHIA. 



This Institution is designed, not only for the Cure of Stam- 
mering, and Defective Articulation, — for Instruction in Elo- 
cution and the usual Branches of an English Education, but 
for the acquisition of a thorough knowledge of the most important 
Ancient and Modern Languages. The following Languages are 
now taught : 

1. Latin, 5. German, 9. Turkish, 

2. Ancient Greek, 6. Spanish, 10. Armenian, 

3. Modern Greek, 7. Gaelic, 11. Hebrew, 

4. French, 8. Italian, 12. Hindoostanee. 

The method of instruction here pursued is, in the main, peculiar 
to this Institution. Much of it is oral and practical. All the les- 
sons, both in foreign languages, and in English, (not even excepting 
English Grammar and Orthography) are first pronounced by the 
teacher, and repeated by the pupil, till the latter understands the 
true import, and the correct pronunciation and intonation of every 
word. The pupil then prepares himself by silent study, or by 
practising aloud in his room, for a thorough recitation. This me- 
thod possesses several obvious advantages : 

1. Knowledge is much more rapidly acquired. 

2. As the pupil learns every thing correctly in the first instance, 
he never has any thing to unlearn. 

3. As the pupil understands the leading principles at the incep- 
tive stage of each lesson, he is not dispirited, but rather encouraged. 

In this Institution, particular attention is paid to Philology. 
The principal teacher in this department, not only composes readily 
in English, French, Italian, Greek, and Turkish, but he converses 
fluently in all these languages. 

The method of teaching the Latin is that pursued in the Italian 
Universities. By adopting this course the pupil is better prepared 
to study the Italian and other languages derived from the Latin. 

The Ancient Greek is taught according to the system adopted 
in the University of Otho, at Athens. By this method both the 
ancient and modern dialects are acquired at the same time. This 
plan is now used in the Universities of Germany. 

(i) 



ii VOCAL AND POLYGLOTT GYMNASIUM. 

The method of teaching the French renders the study of it more 
like pastime than labour. They who study this language are re- 
quired to use it in their colloquial intercourse, both in the family 
and in the school. 

The Turkish is taught in the method followed by the Hodjas of 
Stamboul — that of oral exercises. The pupil is immediately ini- 
tiated into the harmonic system of its suffixes, by which the words 
are speedily memorized. No other language can be learned so 
rapidly ; because the Turkish possesses a uniformity in its gramma- 
tical structure, which facilitates its acquisition. This language, 
which is enriched by words drawn ad libitum from the Arabic, and 
the Persian, is founded on a regular system of declensions. It is 
variegated by affixes to a greater extent than most other languages. 
The different terminations convey delicate shades of thought. A 
knowledge of this language prepares the pupil for the acquisition 
of most of the spoken languages of Asia. The Turkish will not 
fail to be a matter of curiosity to the lover of Oriental literature. 

The school year commences on the first Thursday in September, 
and terminates on the last Wednesday in June. 

TERMS. 
For instruction, with boarding, $400 

Tickets per Course of 10 Weeks instruction, (without boarding) 
in Classes, 

For the Cure of Stammering, 15 lessons per week, $50 

In Elocution, 6 lessons per week, 20 

In Languages, 6 lessons per week, ..... 20 

In Elocution, 3 lessons per week, 10 

In Languages, 3 lessons per week, 10 

O^KFive Dollars per week additional if the pupil resides in the 
family. 

Tickets per Course for Private Instruction. 

In Elocution, 36 lessons, $30 

In Languages, 36 lessons, 30 

The ticket in each case to be paid for in advance. Satisfactory 
references will be given in the principal cities throughout the 
Union. 

O^KNb one can become a pupil in this Institution, who is not 
cleanly in his person and habits, and gentlemanly in his deport- 
ment. 

{No Member of the Institution is allowed to use Tobacco in 
any form.) 

Apply to ANDREW COMSTOCK, M. D., Principal 

No. 100 Nulherry Street, Philadelphia. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



STANDARD B 



PUBLISHED BY 



E. H. BUTLER & CO. 

No. n Minor Street, Philadelphia. 



812 00 



5 00 



5 00 



Richardson's English Dictionary ; 2 vols, quarto, 2300 pages ; price 

Donnegan's Greek and English Lexicon; octavo, 

Fleming and Tibbins' Royal French and English Dictionary, edited 

by Picot and Dobson; octavo, - 

Fleming and Tibbins' Royal French and English Dictionary; abridged. 

Edited by Picot and Dobson ; duodecimo, 
Walker's Pronouncing English Dictionary ; octavo, - 
Nugent' s French and English Dictionary, - 
Kendall's Uranography, with an Atlas of 18 Maps, 
Coates' Physiology, for Schools and Academies, - 
Coates' Natural Philosophy, ------ 

Smith's Productive Grammar, ----- 

Hart's English Grammar, ------ 

Hart's Constitution of the United States, * 

Hart's Class Book of Poetry, ------ 

Hart's Class Book of Prose, - 

Parley's Common School History, ----- 

Green's Gradations in Algebra, ----- 

Green's Key to Algebra, ------ 

Comstock's Elocution, ------ 

Comstock's Historiae Sacrae, 2 vols., - 

Comstock's Phonology. Part I. - 

Angell's Reader. No. I. ----- - 

No. II. 

No. III. 

No. IV. 

No. V. 

No. VI. 

Kendall's Walker's Geometry, ------ 

Frost's Composition, _..--- 

Smith's Introductory Arithmetic, - 

Virginia Housewife. By Mrs. Randolph, - - - - 

{^Family Bibles, quarto size, Butler's edition, printed on fine paper, 
with very large type, and bound in various styles, at prices from five to 
fifteen dollars. 



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